RESUMO O presente Trabalho de ConclusĂŁo de Curso objetiva analisar a possibilidade da reparação civil em decorrĂȘncia do abandono afetivo do indivĂduo por seu genitor. Pretende se verificar o posicionamento dos Tribunais Brasileiros, frente a essa nova forma de responsabilização por dano moral. A pesquisa justifica se diante da importĂąncia da famĂlia na sociedade. Vislumbrando ainda o cumprimento das atribuiçÔes pertinentes ao exercĂcio do poder familiar, quando da dissolução da sociedade conjugal. Estabeleceu se como base estrutural o princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente. Ressalta-se que a discussĂŁo em comento, nĂŁo estĂĄ fixada unicamente no afeto sentimental, mas ainda ao direito constitucional de ser cuidado. Assim, pretende-se esclarecer o que entende-se por Abandono Afetivo, para que esse tipo de ação/omissĂŁo possa ser amparado pelo direito, capaz de propiciar discussĂŁo judicial, requerendo a reparação civil. A metodologia adotada para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi o de RevisĂŁo BibliogrĂĄfica e documental. O levantamento das obras foi feito atravĂ©s de busca na internet, por meio de palavras chaves como Abandono Afetivo, Desafeto dos pais, Reparação de danos. Foram analisados os conceitos de poder familiar, o instituto da guarda dos filhos menores, bem como o princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança, de modo a concluir pela possibilidade, ou nĂŁo, de reparação civil decorrente do Abandono Afetivo. Palavras-chave Abandono Afetivo. Desafeto dos pais. Reparação de danos. ABSTRACT This Course Conclusion Paper aims to analyze the possibility of civil reparation as a result of the individual's emotional abandonment by their parent. It is intended to verify the position of the Brazilian Courts, in the face of this new form of liability for moral damage. The research is justified given the importance of the family in society. Also envisioning the fulfillment of the attributions pertinent to the exercise of family power, upon the dissolution of the conjugal society. The principle of the best interest of children and adolescents was also established as a structural basis. It is noteworthy that the discussion under discussion is not fixed solely on sentimental affection, but also on the constitutional right to be cared for. Thus, it is intended to clarify what is meant by Affective Abandonment, so that this type of action / omission can be supported by law, capable of providing judicial discussion, with a request for civil reparation. The methodology adopted for the development of the research was the Bibliographic and documentary review. The survey of the works was done through an internet search, using keywords such as Affective Abandonment, Parental Discomfort, Damage Repair. The concepts of family power, the institute of custody of minor children, as well as the principle of the best interest of the child were analyzed, in order to conclude by the possibility, or not, of civil reparation resulting from Affective Abandonment. Keywords Affective Abandonment. Parental disaffection. Damage repair. 1. INTRODUĂĂO Conforme dispĂ”e o texto constitucional, o convĂvio familiar Ă© um direito da criança e do adolescente. Contudo, ainda que defeso em lei, corriqueiramente nos deparamos com situaçÔes de abandono dos filhos por parte de seus genitores. Abandono esse que pode se de nĂŁo somente no sentido material, mas ainda em relação ao afeto. O Abandono Afetivo vem tomando grandes proporçÔes em nossos tribunais, o desafeto pelo genitores tem ocasionado demandas judiciais, onde os filhos desamparados afetivamente buscam reparação civil pelos danos causados em decorrĂȘncia do seu trabalho, contextualizando, de forma sucinta, o tema de sua pesquisa. A afetividade abordada pelo presente artigo acadĂȘmico trata do cumprimento dos deveres de ordem imaterial no que tange o exercĂcio do poder familiar, ainda seu cumprimento seu exercĂcio quando da dissolução da sociedade conjugal. Passadas estas preliminares, objetiva se analisar as discussĂ”es e entendimentos acerca do abandono afetivo pelos pais com efeito da responsabilidade civil, inclusive reparação por danos morais. Este estudo justifica se pela relevĂąncia do assunto para Ă sociedade. Uma vez que os efeitos do abandono, ainda que enquanto criança, repercute em toda a vida do indivĂduo, podendo fazer com que ele desenvolva transtornos psicolĂłgicos, de identidade. Deixando sequelas que podem influir profundamente em seus relacionamentos futuros e sua vida em sociedade. Acerca dos efeitos que o abandono afetivo reproduz na vida dos filhos. O objetivo principal Ă© responder o questionamento sobre a possibilidade de reparação civil, em condenação pecuniĂĄria pelo desafeto dos pais. Para tanto Ă© imperioso o seguinte questionamento Ă© possĂvel se mensurar o valor do afeto mesmo constatando a negligĂȘncia e omissĂŁo dos pais? Para esta pesquisa, o mĂ©todo utilizado foi o de RevisĂŁo BibliogrĂĄfica, onde foram utilizado artigos cientĂficos, documentos monogrĂĄficos jĂĄ publicados, jurisprudĂȘncias e obras de autores como CAMPOS JUNIOR 1998, KRIEGER 2006 e CHAVES, 2008. O levantamento foi realizado previamente pela internet, atravĂ©s de palavras chaves como Abandono Afetivo. Desafeto dos pais. Reparação de danos, atravĂ©s do qual foi possĂvel levantar materiais que tratam o assunto, sendo Ă s alheias descartadas. 2. A DISSOLUĂĂO DA SOCIEDADE CONJUGAL E Ă GUARDA DOS FILHOS MENORES O ordenamento jurĂdico pĂĄtrio preconiza um rol de direitos e obrigaçÔes atribuĂdos aos pais, a fim de propiciar cumprimento dos direitos legalmente garantidos aos filhos menores. Tais atribuiçÔes devem ser exercidas em condiçÔes de paridade por ambos os genitores, visando o melhor interesse do menor. A expressĂŁo pĂĄtrio poder, prevaleceu no ordenamento jurĂdico brasileiro atĂ© o CĂłdigo Civil de 1916, onde, o poder era exercido exclusivamente pelo pai. Isso se deu por muito tempo devido ao que ficou conhecido como Patriarcado, que Ă© um sistema social em que homens mantĂȘm o poder primĂĄrio e predominam em funçÔes de liderança polĂtica, autoridade moral, privilĂ©gio social e controle das propriedades. No contexto familiar, o homem, mantinha a autoridade sobre as mulheres e as crianças NARVAZ, KOLLER, 2006. Contudo, com o passar do tempo, esse âpoderâ tornou se inerente a ambos os genitores. De acordo com Grisard Filho 2011, p. 35, o poder familiar Ă© âUm conjunto de faculdades encomendadas aos pais, como instituição protetora da menoridade, com o fim de lograr o pleno desenvolvimento e a formação integral dos filhos, fĂsica, mental, moral, espiritual e socialâ. Noutro giro, Campos Jr. entende que poder familiar Ă© o âconjunto de direitos e deveres atribuĂdos aos pais, no tocante Ă s pessoas e aos bens dos filhos menores. Em decorrĂȘncia do exercĂcio do poder familiar os pais exercem a guarda natural sobre os filhos menoresâ CAMPOS JUNIOR, 1998, p. 317. Deste modo, compreende se que, a guarda Ă© um dos atributos do poder familiar que os pais exercem sobre os filhos menores. Sendo ainda que vale ressaltar que a guarda nĂŁo se confunde com poder familiar, pois este Ă© exclusivo dos pais, e sĂł serĂĄ extinto nos casos previstos no art. do CĂłdigo Civil/2002. Por quanto, no que refere ao conceito de guarda, no sentido jurĂdico, para relevĂąncia do presente artigo, incumbe destacar as seguintes definiçÔes A guarda nĂŁo se define por si mesma senĂŁo atravĂ©s dos elementos que a asseguram, vinculada ao poder familiar, com base na ideia de posse, surge como um direito-dever natural e originĂĄrio dos pais que consiste na convivĂȘncia com seus filhos e Ă© o pressuposto que possibilita o exercĂcio de todas as funçÔes parentais GRISARD FILHO, 2011, p. 58. Dentre os entendimentos doutrinĂĄrios, Diniz compreende que guarda Ă© âĂ ação ou efeito de guardar, vigilĂąncia em relação a uma coisa ou pessoa, proteção, vigia, sentinelaâ DINIZ, 1998, p. 691. O poder familiar nĂŁo Ă© absoluto, conforme dispĂ”e o do CĂłdigo Civil/2002. Cabe ao Estado fiscalizar seu exercĂcio visando o melhor interesse do menor, estando legitimado a interferir no seio famĂlia quando necessĂĄrio podendo suspendĂȘ-lo ou atĂ© mesmo destituĂ-lo KRIEGER, 2006. Quando da dissolução conjugal, surge o grande questionamento sobre com quem irĂĄ presidir os filhos do ex-casal. Ressalta-se conforme dispĂ”e o Artigo 1632 do CĂłdigo Civil, âa separação judicial, o divĂłrcio e a dissolução de uniĂŁo estĂĄvel nĂŁo alteram as relaçÔes entre pais e filhos senĂŁo quanto ao direito, que aos primeiros cabe, de terem em sua companhia os segundos" BRASIL, 2002. Ă importante, destacar que a dissolução da relação conjugal atravĂ©s do divĂłrcio, finda o vĂnculo marital, nĂŁo a relação genitores para com o filho. Ou seja, a criança nĂŁo se divorcia dos pais. A priori, quando ocorre a dissolução conjugal, os genitores definirĂŁo sobre as atribuiçÔes de cada um, em relação Ă formação da criança e do adolescente. Contudo, em caso de nĂŁo consenso, incumbe ao poder judiciĂĄrio dirimir tal conflito, a fim de estabelecer a qual genitor incumbirĂĄ Ă guarda dos filhos. Tendo em vista, que guarda e o direito de visita sĂŁo institutos jurĂdicos que permitem aos pais continuarem exercendo sua autoridade parental mesmo apĂłs a dissolução conjugal CHAVES, 2008. O artigo 1583 § 1Âș do CĂłdigo Civil define os tipos de guarda, em unilateral ou compartilhada. AlĂ©m da guarda compartilhada e unilateral, a doutrina ainda prevĂȘ a possibilidade de uma guarda alternada. Contudo, faz-se mister, destacar, que esta modalidade de guarda nĂŁo obtĂ©m previsĂŁo legislativa, hĂĄ apenas entendimento doutrinĂĄrio. O conceito de guarda alternada, melhor se define nas liçÔes de Grisard Filho A guarda alternada caracteriza-se pela possibilidade de cada um dos pais de ter a guarda do filho alternadamente, segundo um ritmo de tempo que pode ser um ano escolher, um mĂȘs, uma semana, uma parte da semana, ou uma repartição organizada dia a dia e, consequentemente, durante esse perĂodo de tempo de deter, de forma exclusiva, a totalidade dos poderes-deveres que integram o poder paternal. No termo do perĂodo os papĂ©is invertem-se. GRISARD FILHO, 2002, p. 154. EstĂĄ modalidade de guarda Ă© muito criticada pela doutrina e pela jurisprudĂȘncia, nĂŁo sendo muito utilizada pelos tribunais, tendo em vista atender mais ao interesse dos pais do que da criança. SĂŁo vĂĄrios os fatores apontados por eles que de acordo com o entendimento deles, seriam prejudiciais Ă criança. QuestĂ”es como Ă falta de constĂąncia de moradia. Dessa forma segundo eles cada genitor concentra o poder familiar por determinado tempo de maneira alternada. TambĂ©m hĂĄ Ă questĂŁo da formação e os hĂĄbitos da criança, que ficam prejudicados, pois nĂŁo hĂĄ predominĂąncia quanto Ă s orientaçÔes dos genitores. Guarda Compartilhada A guarda compartilhada foi inserida no ordenamento jurĂdico brasileiro pela Lei de 13 de junho de 2008, que alterou os artigos 1583 e 1584 do CĂłdigo Civil. Surgindo como um modelo de manutenção e preservação dos vĂnculos familiares. Pereira entende como guarda compartilhada [...] nesta modalidade de guarda os filhos permanecem assistidos por ambos os pais, dividindo responsabilidades, sem a necessidade de fixação prĂ©via e rigorosa dos perĂodos de convivĂȘncia, cabendo-lhes as principais decisĂ”es relativas Ă educação, instrução, religiosidade, saĂșde, lazer etc. PEREIRA, 2014, p. 498. âNesta modalidade de guarda ambos os genitores tĂȘm a responsabilidade legal sobre os filhos menores e compartilham ao mesmo tempo de todas as decisĂ”es importantes relativas Ă prole, embora vivam em lares separadosâ GRISARD FILHO, 2010 p. 21. Em anĂĄlise aos pensamentos exposto pelos autores supra, Ă© possĂvel concluir que, a Guarda Compartilhada pode ser entendida como, uma modalidade de guarda onde todas as decisĂ”es em relação Ă criança e suas rotinas sĂŁo de responsabilidade de ambos os genitores, que sĂŁo titulares de direitos e deveres sobre os filhos. Observa-se que, a guarda compartilhada nĂŁo se confunde com a guarda fĂsica, ou seja, convivĂȘncia sobre o mesmo teto. Apesar de se estabelecer que o menor, terĂĄ uma casa como referĂȘncia de lar, a guarda compartilhada consiste em que ambos os genitores terĂŁo os deveres de cuidado e proteção para com o menor. A Lei n° de 22 de dezembro de 2014, determinou a guarda compartilhada como regra em caso de separação dos pais. Como uma corrente que elenca a necessidade de se manter todos os membros da famĂlia envolvidos, tentando assim, amenizar possĂveis sequelas causadas pela dissolução conjugal BRASIL, 2014. Na prĂĄtica, o casal fica responsĂĄvel conjuntamente de forma igualitĂĄria por levar o filho na escola, mĂ©dico, passeios, tem direito de visitação sem restriçÔes, dentre outras atribuiçÔes, ou seja, estĂŁo responsĂĄveis por toda rotina pertinente Ă vida do menor. Quando da falta de consenso entre os genitores quanto Ă guarda dos filhos, o juiz Ă© quem fixarĂĄ a guarda. E nesse caso a regra Ă© pela guarda compartilhada. Entretanto, hĂĄ exceçÔes na lei quando um dos genitores declarar que nĂŁo deseja a guarda do menor; quando um dos genitores nĂŁo estĂĄ apto a exercer o poder familiar CHAVES, 2008. A guarda compartilhada nĂŁo Ă© obrigatĂłria, nĂŁo tem carĂĄter imperativo, na medida em que um dos genitores pode abrir mĂŁo de seu direito de compartilhamento. Ou atĂ© mesmo quando a relação do ex- casal Ă© tĂŁo conflituosa que acarretaria danos na formação da criança, violando o princĂpio do melhor interesse do menor. De acordo com o entendimento dos Tribunais, somente poderĂĄ o genitor ser considerado inapto ao exercĂcio do poder familiar, por meio de decisĂŁo judicial a qual determine a suspensĂŁo ou atĂ© mesmo a perda do poder familiar. Todavia, em que pese Ă guarda compartilhada ser a primeira opção para ser adotada pelos genitores, tendo sido disposta pelo cĂłdigo civil como regra, para definição da guarda, deve-se avaliar cada caso, com suas especificidades, sempre visando o melhor interesse do menor DIAS, 2010. Neste sentido sĂŁo vistas jurisprudĂȘncia com o entendimento pela guarda nĂŁo compartilhada, tendo em vista o melhor interesse da criança/adolescente AGRAVO DE INSTRUMENTO. DIREITO CIVIL. FAMĂLIA. AĂĂO DE DISSOLUĂĂO DE UNIĂO ESTĂVEL. GUARDA COMPARTILHADA. ALIMENTOS. ANTECIPAĂĂO DE TUTELA. FILHO MENOR. NECESSIDADE DE DILAĂĂO PROBATĂRIA. A antecipação de tutela consiste na concessĂŁo imediata da tutela reclamada na petição inicial, mas sua concessĂŁo pressupĂ”e existĂȘncia de prova inequĂvoca capaz de convencer da verossimilhança da alegação e, ainda, que haja fundado receio de dano irreparĂĄvel ou de difĂcil reparação. InteligĂȘncia do art. 273 do CPC. Em se tratando de discussĂŁo sobre guarda de criança, Ă© necessĂĄria a ampla produção de provas, de forma a permitir uma solução segura acerca do melhor interesse do infante. Mostra-se correta a decisĂŁo que indeferiu o pedido de guarda compartilhada, diante da tenra idade da criança. Para que a guarda compartilhada seja possĂvel e proveitosa para o filho, Ă© imprescindĂvel que exista entre os pais uma relação marcada pela harmonia e pelo respeito, onde nĂŁo existam disputas nem conflitos, mas, no caso, diante da situação de conflito e, especialmente pela idade do filho, a guarda compartilhada Ă© totalmente descabida. A prova constante nos autos nĂŁo autoriza, desde logo, a alteração da decisĂŁo de guarda materna e a redução dos alimentos. No decorrer da instrução processual, com a exposição fĂĄtica e maior esclarecimento do contexto, pode ser readequada as questĂ”es, se for o caso. NEGADO SEGUIMENTO. Agravo de Instrumento NÂș 70064361207, SĂ©tima CĂąmara CĂvel, Tribunal de Justiça do... RS, Relator Liselena Schifino Robles Ribeiro, Julgado em 14/04/2015. Percebe se Ă preocupação dos tribunais nesse sentido, com a segurança e o bem estar da criança e do adolescente, tendo em vista que Ă convivĂȘncia harmoniosa com os seus reflete em toda a sua vida. Guarda Unilateral De acordo com o disposto no § 2° do CĂłdigo Civil, Ă guarda unilateral, Ă© quando a guarda Ă© atribuĂda a um sĂł genitor, sendo definido como guardiĂŁo Ă quele que revele melhores condiçÔes de exercĂȘ-la. Enquanto ao outro Ă© conferida apenas a regulamentação de visitas BRASIL, 2002. Nesse contexto o ânĂŁo guardiĂŁoâ, aquele que nĂŁo tendem a guarda nĂŁo estĂĄ isento de exercer o poder familiar. Ainda que as decisĂ”es pertinentes Ă rotina do filho esteja incumbida apenas ao genitor guardiĂŁo, o outro genitor poderĂĄ exercer direitos inerentes a fiscalizar o interesse dos filhos, inclusive solicitar informaçÔes no que diz respeito Ă saĂșde fĂsica, mental, psicolĂłgica e a educação dos filhos. A guarda de fato, Ă© atribuĂda apenas a um genitor, ficando o outro com o direito de visitas periĂłdicas ABRAHĂO, 2007 . Para Grizard Filho 2002, as visitas periĂłdicas tĂȘm efeito destrutivo sobre o relacionamento entre pais e filho, uma vez que propicia o afastamento entre eles, lento e gradual, atĂ© desaparecer, devido Ă s angĂșstias perante os encontros e as separaçÔes repetidas. O CĂłdigo Civil vigente dispĂ”e que, poderĂĄ ser concedida a guarda unilateral quando um dos genitores declarar em juĂzo que nĂŁo quer a guarda do menor; ou quando um dos genitores nĂŁo estĂĄ apto a exercer o poder familiar. HĂĄ ainda outras possibilidades para concessĂŁo da guarda unilateral, o que dependerĂĄ do caso concreto. Podendo mencionar como exemplo, quando os pais moram em cidades diferentes e distantes. Sempre sendo necessĂĄrio demonstrar que o melhor interesse da criança estĂĄ sendo respeitado DIAS, 2010. A lei brasileira dĂĄ preferĂȘncia Ă guarda compartilhada, pois a guarda a somente um dos genitores traz consigo um rĂgido regime de visitas e via de regra, sĂł Ă© aplicada quando houver decisĂŁo unĂąnime dos pais em relação a este tipo de guarda DIAS, 2010, p. 435. Ă importante ressaltar que, mesmo no caso de consenso entre os pais sobre a guarda dos filhos menores, o acordo precisa ser homologado em JuĂzo. Ou seja, o poder judiciĂĄrio sempre atuarĂĄ, no que refere Ă definição da guarda do menor. Portanto, nos casos da dissolução conjugal, sempre que houver filhos menores, o divĂłrcio ou a dissolução da uniĂŁo estĂĄvel seguirĂĄ pela via judicial, nĂŁo sendo admitido que Ă mesma se dĂȘ diretamente em cartĂłrio, sendo ainda a matĂ©ria, obrigatoriamente analisada em JuĂzo, ouvindo-se sempre MinistĂ©rio PĂșblico. Neste sentido Ă© imperiosa as liçÔes de Maria Berenice Dias, que entende que âMesmo que a definição da guarda e da visitação esteja a cargo dos pais, o que for acordado depende da chancela judicial, o que sĂł ocorre apĂłs a ouvida do MinistĂ©rio PĂșblicoâ DIAS, 2010, p. 435. Caso o juiz verifique alguma situação que prejudique os filhos, poderĂĄ nĂŁo homologar a separação, ou nĂŁo homologar somente o que achar de irregular. O melhor Interesse da Criança e do Adolescente A Constituição da RepĂșblica/1988 dispĂ”e em seu art. 227 que Art. 227 Ă dever da famĂlia, da sociedade e do Estado assegurar Ă criança, ao adolescente e ao jovem, com absoluta prioridade, o direito Ă vida, Ă saĂșde, Ă alimentação, Ă educação, ao lazer, Ă profissionalização, Ă cultura, Ă dignidade, ao respeito, Ă liberdade e Ă convivĂȘncia familiar e comunitĂĄria, alĂ©m de colocĂĄ-los a salvo de toda forma de negligĂȘncia, discriminação, exploração, violĂȘncia, crueldade e opressĂŁo BRASIL, 1988. Assim, considerando a qualidade de pessoa em desenvolvimento, seja no Ăąmbito moral, bem como no Ăąmbito social, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente o ECA, mais especificamente em seu artigo 100, parĂĄgrafo Ășnico, inciso I, elevou a condição da criança/adolescente como sujeito de direitos, inserindo o princĂpio do melhor interesse do menor, devendo este ser colocado entre os princĂpios que rege medidas de proteção, integral da criança BRASIL,1990. O ECA dispĂ”e sobre o princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente, como fundamento primĂĄrio de todas as açÔes voltadas ao menor. Destacando a condição peculiar de pessoa em desenvolvimento, de modo a identificar fatores a fim de que, os direitos e garantia da criança sejam alcançados plenamente. Colocando ainda a criança e o adolescente ao centro da discussĂŁo jurĂdica em se tratando de guarda, analisando-se antes do interesse dos pais o interesse maior do menor GAMA, 2008. No que tange a definição da guarda na esfera judicial, de modo a priorizar a aplicabilidade do princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente, o juiz deve observar as peculiaridades de cada nĂșcleo familiar. Gama expĂ”e acerca do princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente que O princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente representa importante mudança de eixo nas relaçÔes paterno-materno-filiais, em que o filho deixa de ser considerado objeto para ser alçado a sujeito de direito, ou seja, a pessoa humana merecedora de tutela do ordenamento jurĂdico, mas com absoluta prioridade comparativamente aos demais integrantes da famĂlia de que ele participa. Cuida-se, assim, de reparar um grave equĂvoco na histĂłria da civilização humana em que o menor era relegado a plano inferior, ao nĂŁo titularizar ou exercer qualquer função na famĂlia e na sociedade, ao menos para o direito GAMA, 2008, Nesse sentido, conclui-se que, o princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança nĂŁo se restringe a definição da guarda, mas sim em priorizar todos os aspectos que envolvem o pleno desenvolvimento do menor. O melhor interesse do menor deve ser considerado como prioridade absoluta diante dos genitores, em virtude de se tratar de crianças e adolescentes em processo de formação da personalidade. Sendo que este ainda conforme observado somente poderĂĄ ser constatado no caso concreto, considerando suas peculiaridades. 3. DO ABANDONO AFETIVO Afetividade Ă© entendida socialmente como amor e carinho, o que prĂ© define o abandono afetivo como ausĂȘncia de amor, de afeto. O princĂpio jurĂdico da afetividade, disposto nos artigos. 226 §4Âș, 227, caput, § 5Âș c/c § 6Âș, e § 6Âș, da CRF/ 1988, nĂŁo exprime a imposição do dever de amar, no que tange ao afeto como um sentimento de amor e carinho. Ou seja, nĂŁo hĂĄ como obrigar um pai amar o filho BRASIL, 1988. O afeto Ă© construĂdo como autoridade no Ăąmbito do Direito em geral, âvai alĂ©m do sentimento, e estĂĄ diretamente relacionado Ă responsabilidade e ao cuidado.â PEREIRA, 2012, Segundo ele Ă© com base nessa construção tĂ©cnica que doutrina contemporĂąnea, afirma que o afeto tem valor jurĂdico, ou mais do que isso, foi alçado Ă condição de verdadeiro princĂpio geral. O princĂpio jurĂdico da afetividade estĂĄ intimamente atrelado Ă dignidade da pessoa humana, sendo capaz de influenciar fortemente o desenvolvimento psĂquico e moral da criança e adolescente. Para Maria Berenice Dias, acrescenta-se o princĂpio da afetividade como norteador do Direito de FamĂlia, sendo base do respeito Ă dignidade humana e da solidariedade familiar, mesmo que este princĂpio ainda nĂŁo tenha dispositivo legal DIAS, 2005, O ECA, em seu art. 3Âș, o dispĂ”e Art. 3Âș A criança e o adolescente gozam de todos os direitos fundamentais inerentes Ă pessoa humana, sem prejuĂzo da proteção integral de que trata esta Lei, assegurando-se-lhes, por lei ou por outros meios, todas as oportunidades e facilidades, a fim de lhes facultar o desenvolvimento fĂsico, mental, moral, espiritual e social, em condiçÔes de liberdade e de dignidade. ParĂĄgrafo Ășnico. Os direitos enunciados nesta Lei aplicam-se a todas as crianças e adolescentes, sem discriminação de nascimento, situação familiar, idade, sexo, raça, etnia ou cor, religiĂŁo ou crença, deficiĂȘncia, condição pessoal de desenvolvimento e aprendizagem, condição econĂŽmica, ambiente social, regiĂŁo e local de moradia ou outra condição que diferencie as pessoas, as famĂlias ou a comunidade em que vivem. incluĂdo pela Lei nÂș de 2016 BRASIL, 1990 Destarte, diante das breves observaçÔes aqui apresentadas Ă© possĂvel observar, que, nĂŁo hĂĄ como obrigar um pai a amar o filho, mas a legislação assegura a estes, o direito de ser cuidado. Neste sentido, entende-se que o abandono afetivo pelos pais, caracteriza-se pela violação dos direitos imateriais inerentes ao menor, prejudicando seu pleno desenvolvimento, o nĂŁo cumprimento do dever dos pais de educar, cuidar e assistir os filhos, o nĂŁo prezar pelo desenvolvimento saudĂĄvel da criança. O abandono afetivo surge em decorrĂȘncia da negligĂȘncia, da ausĂȘncia, da distĂąncia das relaçÔes parentais. E inerente ao descumprimento dos deveres de ordem imaterial. 4. DA RESPONSABILIDADE CIVIL EM DECORRĂNCIA DO ABANDONO AFETIVO PELOS GENITORES A responsabilidade civil tem previsĂŁo no CĂłdigo Civil/2002, em dois artigos, quais sejam o que dispĂ”e sobre o ato ilĂcito, e o art. 187, que trata do abuso de Direito. Ela Ă© dividida em objetiva e subjetiva BRASIL, 2002. De acordo com o entendimento de Carlos Roberto Gonçalves Diz-se, pois, ser âsubjetivaâ a responsabilidade quando se esteia na ideia de culpa. A prova da culpa do agente passa a ser pressuposto necessĂĄrio do dano indenizĂĄvel. Dentro desta concepção, a responsabilidade do causador do dano somente se configura se agiu com dolo ou culpa GONĂALVES, 2009, p. 30. O autor compreende ainda que Institui-se que certas atividades por serem potencialmente causadoras de dano, prescindem da prova da culpa para motivarem uma indenização. Nestes casos, diz-se que a responsabilidade Ă© legal ou objetiva, pois se satisfaz somente com o nexo de causalidade e dano. âEsta teoria, dita, objetiva ou do risco tem como postulado que todo dano Ă© indenizĂĄvel e deve ser reparado por quem a ele se liga por um nexo de causalidade independentemente de culpa GONĂALVES, 2009, p. 30. A responsabilidade, ainda Ă© vista segundo autores como Gagliano e Pamplona como sendo uma âobrigação derivada, um dever jurĂdico sucessivo de assumir as consequĂȘncias jurĂdicas de um fato, consequĂȘncias essas que podem variar de acordo com os interesses lesadosâ GAGLIANO; PAMPLONA FILHO, 2015, p. 47. Ela configura se como Ă aplicação de medidas que obriguem uma pessoa a reparar dano moral ou patrimonial causado a terceiros, em razĂŁo de ato por ela mesma praticado, por pessoa por quem ela responde, por alguma coisa a ela pertencente ou de simples imposição legal, de acordo com o que entende Diniz. DINIZ, 2007, p. 35. Tendo em vista diferentes posicionamentos doutrinĂĄrios, tem se como finalidade da responsabilidade civil, Ă© que o agente possa reparar o dano causado a outrem. Isto posto, conclui-se que, a responsabilidade civil no Direito de FamĂlia Ă© subjetiva, ou seja, Ă© necessĂĄrio que o fique demonstrado a culpa do agente, e que este tenha capacidade para entender o carĂĄter de sua conduta ilĂcita. Ă cediço que a responsabilidade civil possui trĂȘs funçÔes primordiais, quais sejam, punir o ofensor, compensar a vĂtima pelo dano causado e desmotivar socialmente a conduta lesiva. O dano civil por muito tempo foi sinĂŽnimo de prejuĂzo financeiro. Embora jĂĄ houvesse entendimento doutrinĂĄrio e jurisprudencial, somente com a Constituição da RepĂșblica de 1988, Ă© que o ordenamento jurĂdico brasileiro, passou a reconhecer formalmente o dano extrapatrimonial DINIZ, 2007. Sua previsĂŁo pode ser encontrada no art. 5, incisos V e X da Constituição Federal de 1988. O antigo conceito de dano civil, como sendo sinĂŽnimo de diminuição do patrimĂŽnio da vĂtima, nĂŁo mais subsiste, assim tem-se que, o dever de indenizar, abrange nĂŁo sĂł o aspecto patrimonial, mas tambĂ©m o moral FARIAS, 2013. Observar-se as liçÔes de Cristiano Chaves de Farias seguramente, a obrigação de reparar danos patrimoniais e extrapatrimoniais decorrentes da prĂĄtica de um ato ilĂcito tambĂ©m incide no Direito da FamĂlia. Por certo, nĂŁo se pode negar que as regras da responsabilidade civil invadem todos os domĂnios da ciĂȘncia jurĂdica, ramificando-se pelas mais diversas relaçÔes jurĂdicas, inclusive as familiaristas FARIAS 2013, p. 162. Assim, resta evidenciado que a responsabilidade civil contempla o Direito de FamĂlia. Diante da anĂĄlise apresentada, quanto aos elementos da responsabilidade civil, e jĂĄ nĂŁo restando mais dĂșvida, quanto o encaixe da responsabilidade civil no Direito de FamĂlia, ainda tem-se divergĂȘncias no ordenamento jurĂdico brasileiro referente Ă reparação civil de danos oriundos do abandono afetivo. Pois ainda que o afeto seja reconhecido como bem jurĂdico e princĂpio constitucional inerente ao direito de famĂlia, a problemĂĄtica gira em torno do reconhecimento do cabimento ou nĂŁo de danos morais indenizĂĄveis em casos de falta de afeto dos pais aos seus filhos FARIAS, 2013. Com relação Ă s consequĂȘncias e a possibilidade de reparação civil pelo abandono afetivo, observa-se entendimento doutrinĂĄrio no sentido de que A negligĂȘncia de um pai ou mĂŁe que somente contribui com a pensĂŁo alimentĂcia ao menor, porĂ©m nĂŁo age com um mĂnimo de afeição. Esse age ilicitamente, pois a figura do âpaiâ ou da âmĂŁeâ vai alĂ©m do biolĂłgico ou jurĂdico, mas de acordo com a exegese da lei, pai e mĂŁe sĂŁo aqueles que demonstram afeto na criação da criança, criando um vĂnculo afetivo com o filho MADALENO, 2011, p. 2018. Rodrigo da Cunha Pereira, defende o carĂĄter compensatĂłrio da responsabilização civil no abandono afetivo, que surge quando o direito ofendido nĂŁo pode mais ser restituĂdo, alĂ©m disso, ressalta o carĂĄter preventivo e pedagĂłgico que tem a reparação civil nesses casos PERERA, 2015, p. 405. Neste sentido complementa, Rodrigo da Cunha Pereira e ClĂĄudia Maria Silva, âo pai sempre pagou pensĂŁo alimentĂcia ao menor, deduzindo-se daĂ inexistĂȘncia de conduta que trouxesse dor e dano moral ao filho. Faltou, entretanto, alimento para a alma. Afinal de contas, nem sĂł de pĂŁo vive o homem. A ausĂȘncia de prestação de uma assistĂȘncia material seria atĂ© compreensĂvel, caso se tratasse de um pai desprovido de recursos. O amor, o afeto, a convivĂȘncia nĂŁo sĂŁo âitens opcionais de uma engrenagemâ. SĂŁo deveres atrelados Ă paternidade que foram violados frontalmente, configurando-se em atos ilĂcitos PEREIRA e SILVA, 2014, p. 12. Noutro giro, hĂĄ doutrinadores que defendem que, aceitar reparação civil de danos decorrentes do abandono afetivo Ă© aceitar a monetarização do afeto. Neste contexto, incumbe destacar as liçÔes de FlĂĄvio Tartuce Quanto ao argumento de eventual monetarização do afeto, penso que a Constituição Federal encerrou definitivamente tal debate, ao reconhecer expressamente a reparação dos danos morais em seu art. 5Âș, incisos. V e X. AliĂĄs, se tal argumento for levado ao extremo, Ă reparação por danos extrapatrimoniais nĂŁo seria cabĂvel em casos como de morte de pessoa da famĂlia, por exemplo TARTUCE, 2020, Igualmente, a jurisprudĂȘncia brasileira jĂĄ entendeu no sentido de ser cabĂvel a responsabilidade civil em decorrĂȘncia do desafeto pelos genitores, tendo inclusive entendimento do Superior Tribunal de Justiça em sentido favorĂĄvel RECURSO ESPECIAL. FAMĂLIA. ABANDONO MATERIAL. MENOR. DESCUMPRIMENTO DO DEVER DE PRESTAR ASSISTĂNCIA MATERIAL AO FILHO. ATO ILĂCITO CC/2002, ARTS. 186, IV, E I; ECA, ARTS. 18-A 18-B 22. REPARAĂĂO. DANOS MORAIS. POSSIBILIDADE. RECURSO IMPROVIDO. 1. O descumprimento da obrigação pelo pai, que, apesar de dispor de recursos, deixa de prestar assistĂȘncia material ao filho, nĂŁo proporcionando a este condiçÔes dignas de sobrevivĂȘncia e causando danos Ă sua integridade fĂsica, moral, intelectual e psicolĂłgica, configura ilĂcito civil, nos termos do art. 186 do CĂłdigo Civil de 2002. 2. Estabelecida a correlação entre a omissĂŁo voluntĂĄria e injustificada do pai quanto ao amparo material e os danos morais ao filho dali decorrentes, Ă© possĂvel a condenação ao pagamento de reparação por danos morais, com fulcro tambĂ©m no princĂpio constitucional da dignidade da pessoa humana. 3. Recurso especial improvido. CIVIL E PROCESSUAL CIVIL. FAMĂLIA. ABANDONO AFETIVO. COMPENSAĂĂO POR DANO MORAL. POSSIBILIDADE. 1. Inexistem restriçÔes legais Ă aplicação das regras concernentes Ă responsabilidade civil e o consequente dever de indenizar/compensar no Direito de FamĂlia. 2. O cuidado como valor jurĂdico objetivo estĂĄ incorporado no ordenamento jurĂdico brasileiro nĂŁo com essa expressĂŁo, mas com locuçÔes e termos que manifestam suas diversas desinĂȘncias, como se observa do art. 227 da CF/88. 3. Comprovar que a imposição legal de cuidar da prole foi descumprida implica em se reconhecer a ocorrĂȘncia de ilicitude civil, sob a forma de omissĂŁo. Isso porque o non facere, que atinge um bem juridicamente tutelado, leia-se, o necessĂĄrio dever de criação, educação e companhia - de cuidado - importa em vulneração da imposição legal, exsurgindo, daĂ, a possibilidade de se pleitear compensação por danos morais por abandono psicolĂłgico. 4 . Apesar das inĂșmeras hipĂłteses que minimizam a possibilidade de pleno cuidado de um dos genitores em relação Ă sua prole, existe um nĂșcleo mĂnimo de cuidados parentais que, para alĂ©m do mero cumprimento da lei, garantam aos filhos, ao menos quanto Ă afetividade, condiçÔes para uma adequada formação psicolĂłgica e inserção social. 5. A caracterização do abandono afetivo, a existĂȘncia de excludentes ou, ainda, fatores atenuantes - por demandarem revolvimento de matĂ©ria fĂĄtica - nĂŁo podem ser objeto de reavaliação na estreita via do recurso especial. 6. A alteração do valor fixado a tĂtulo de compensação por danos morais Ă© possĂvel, em recurso especial, nas hipĂłteses em que a quantia estipulada pelo Tribunal de origem revela-se irrisĂłria ou exagerada. 7. Recurso especial parcialmente provido. Destaca-se o julgado 20160610153899APC - - Res. 65 CNJ, onde a Ministra Relatora Nancy Andrighi, defendeu o posicionamento no sentido de que, a omissĂŁo quanto ao abandono afetivo, nĂŁo significa a mera conduta negativa, a inatividade a inĂ©rcia, mas restasse demonstrada quando deixa-se de fazer o que a lei determina. O cuidado como valor jurĂdico objetivo, estĂĄ incorporado no ordenamento jurĂdico brasileiro nĂŁo com essa expressĂŁo, mas com locuçÔes e termos que manifestam suas diversas desinĂȘncias, como se observa o art. 227 da CF/88. Conforme apresentado, a legislação civil brasileira regula que o causador direto do dano Ă© obrigado a ressarcir os prejuĂzo. Assim, Ă© possĂvel compreensĂŁo que, o desapego afetivo, como ausĂȘncia do cumprimento do poder/dever de ordem imaterial, a criança/adolescente revela um ato ilĂcito, vez que descumpre o dever do exercĂcio familiar. Assim, se torna plenamente cabĂvel a indenização por dano afetivo, pois a atitude do pai que abandona um filho, afeta o direito de personalidade saudĂĄvel da criança. A indenização tem por exposto uma finalidade reparatĂłria e tambĂ©m educativa, pois visa Ă conscientização do genitor que abandonou o filho, de que seu ato Ă© um mal moral e jurĂdico. A omissĂŁo pelo abandono afetivo se consuma quando o genitor interrompe ou cortar o vĂnculo com a prole, e se renega a cumprir com o dever de visita e assistĂȘncia, e assim tambĂ©m de prover base moral e afetiva aos filhos. Ou seja, deixar de cumprir o dever de cuidado amparado pela lei. Omite-se no poder/dever de ordem imaterial DINIZ, 2007. Portanto, entende-se que se estabelecido estiver o nexo entre o afastamento paterno/materno/filial e o desenvolvimento de danos de ordem fĂsica, moral e psicolĂłgica nos filhos, a indenização Ă© devida e necessĂĄria para construção de uma sociedade mais justa e responsĂĄvel. A negativa da reparação de danos morais, quando ele Ă© causado no ambiente da famĂlia, principalmente quando causado pelos pais que tĂȘm o dever de afeto e cuidado, serve de estĂmulo Ă reiteração ocasionando um processo de desintegração familiar, deixando a deriva o princĂpio basilar estabelecido pelo ECA Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, que Ă© o melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente BRASIL, 1990. 5. CONSIDERAĂĂES FINAIS Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a possibilidade de reparação civil de danos decorrentes do abandono afetivo, bem como qual o posicionamento dos Tribunais Brasileiros, frente essa nova vertente de reparação civil. Para tanto se fez necessĂĄrio uma anĂĄlise quanto o instituto da guarda dos filhos menores, o exercĂcio do poder familiar, bem como o princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente, para enfim analisar os pressupostos objetivos e subjetivos de admissibilidade da responsabilidade civil, e seu encaixe quanto ao dano pelo desafeto. ApĂłs uma breve descrição sobre o afeto parental, foi possĂvel observar que, o abandono afetivo pelos pais, nĂŁo estĂĄ vinculado ao sentimento de amor e carinho, e sim, no que concerne ao poder/dever de garantir o crescimento saudĂĄvel de forma digna Ă criança e do adolescente. Ou seja, estĂĄ vinculado ao dever de cuidado amparado pela Legislação Brasileira. Deste modo, mostrou-se plenamente satisfatĂłrio o entendimento de que, o objetivo maior da reparação de danos pelo desafeto dos pais, Ă© o conhecimento de que tal ato Ă© ilĂcito e completamente lesivo a formação da criança e do adolescente, a fim de refletir o carĂĄter educativo, alĂ©m de punitivo, visando que situaçÔes semelhantes nĂŁo ocorram na sociedade. Apesar de ainda haver resistĂȘncia quanto ao pedido de reparação civil pelo abandono afetivo, hĂĄ posicionamento jurisprudencial, de forma significativa quanto Ă aceitação pelo abandono afetivo, como pressupostos do dano moral, ante violação ao princĂpio do melhor interesse da criança, e a dignidade da pessoa humana. Conclui-se que a reparação de danos oriunda do abandono afetivo pelos pais, nĂŁo Ă© uma forma de monetarização do afeto, pois esse nĂŁo tem valor e sim, um mecanismo de fortalecimento a dignidade e respeito humano. REFERĂNCIAS ABRAHĂO, Ingrith Gomes. Uma releitura da guarda compartilhada Ă luz do direito brasileiro. 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Aspectos didĂĄticos. Belo Horizonte 1998. CHAVES, Adalgisa Wiedeman. A Guarda dos Filhos na Separação. 2008. Disponivel em Acesso em 17 Nov. 2020. DIAS, Maria Berenice. Direito das FamĂlias 2. ed. Porto Alegre Livraria do Advogado, 2005. DINIZ, Maria Helena. Curso de direito civil brasileiro, responsabilidade e acordo com a Reforma do CPC. SĂŁo Paulo Saraiva, 2007. FARIAS, Cristiano Chaves de; ROSENVALD, Nelson. Curso de Direito Civil. Direito das FamĂlias. Salvador Juspodivm, 2013. GAMA. Guilherme Calmon Nogueira da. PrincĂpios Constitucionais de Direito de famĂlia guarda compartilhada Ă luz da lei famĂlia, criança, adolescente e idoso. SĂŁo Paulo. Atlas. 2008, GAGLIANO. Pablo Stolze Novo curso de direito civil, volume III Responsabilidade Civil/ Pablo Gagliano, Rodolfo Pamplona Filho. e SĂŁo Paulo. GONĂALVES, Carlos Roberto. Responsabilidade Civil. SĂŁo Paulo Saraiva, 2009. GRISARD FILHO, Waldyr. Guarda Compartilhada Um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental. 2. ed. rev., atual. e ampl. SĂŁo Paulo Revista dos Tribunais, 2002. _________. Guarda Compartilhada Um novo modelo de responsabilidade ed., SĂŁo Paulo Revista dos Tribunais, 2009. _________. Guarda Compartilhada Um novo modelo de responsabilidade paternal. 5 ed. Ver. E atual. SĂŁo Paulo Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 2010. _________. Guarda Compartilhada um novo modelo de responsabilidade parental. SĂŁo Paulo Editora Revista dos Tribunais, 2011. KRIEGER, Juliana Coelho. Ă guarda compartilhada. Monografia. Universidade do Vale do ItajaĂ. 2006. DisponĂvel em Acesso em 14 NARVAZ, Martha Giudice; KOLLER, SĂlvia Helena. FamĂlias e patriarcado da prescrição normativa Ă subversĂŁo Soc. Porto Alegre Jan./Apr. 2006. Disponivel em Acesso em 18 PEREIRA, Rodrigo Cunha. Indenização por abandono afetivo â TJSC decisĂŁo comentada. Recuperado em 1 de outubro de 2012, Disponivel em Acesso em 18 PEREIRA, Rodrigo da Cunha; SILVA, ClĂĄudia Maria. Nem sĂł de PĂŁo Vive o Homem. 2014 DisponĂvel em .Acesso em 16 fundamentais norteadores do direito de famĂlia. 3ÂȘ ed. Saraiva Educação, 2016. SOUZA, Pedro Cysne Frota; CHAVES, Raphael Ayres de Moura. Dano moral sob a Ăłtica da Constituição Federal de 1988. 2014. DisponĂvel em Acesso em 30 TARTUCE, FlĂĄvio. Da indenização por abandono afetivo na mais recente jurisprudĂȘncia brasileira. Migalhas, portal jurĂdico. 2017. DisponĂvel em Acesso em TJ-DF 20160610153899 DF Relator NĂDIA CORRĂA LIMA, Data de Julgamento 28/03/2019, 8ÂȘ TURMA CĂVEL, Data de Publicação Publicado no DJE 04/04/2019 . PĂĄg. 404/405 TJDFT. O abandono afetivo pode ensejar indenização por dano moral se houver prova de efetivo prejuĂzo Ă formação do indivĂduo, TJDFT. 2019. DisponĂvel em Acesso em 19
PengabaianTanggungjawab Suami Terhadap Hak Isteri di kalangan Orang-orang Melayu in Seminar Pembangunan Keluarga Kebangsaan 2004 at Main Hall, Faculty of Education, Universiti Malaya, on 29-30
âș OpiniâșKewajiban Asasi Manusia Didie SW Apakah kita, selaku human, hanya punya hak? Apakah sebagai warga komunitas manusia yang mengaku prihatin pada jalannya kehidupan bersama tak menyadari adanya ide kembar dari hak, yaitu kewajiban asasi?! Masalah hak asasi manusia dewasa ini adalah tak lain daripada cara baru dalam menyatakan suatu masalah lama, yaitu masalah besar dari moral. Dan cara ini kiranya pantas diragukan. Betapa tidak. Yang merupakan masalah moral bukanlah the right of man,tetapi the right of others, termasuk the fundamental right of the earth, hak asasi bumi. Artinya, aku tak punya hak, hanya punya kewajiban dan ia semakin besar dengan meningkatnya pendidikan formal yang kualami. Aku punya hak hanya karena ada lian pihak lain. Anda, misalnya punya kewajiban terhadap diriku. Karena kemujuran saja aku bisa berpartisipasi dalam hak asasi manusia, selaku human, berhubung kebetulan ada lian. Anda dan aku punya kewajiban persis sama. Jadi makhluk manusia lebih dulu punya kewajiban dan hanya hak lianlah yang diutamakan. Manusia ditetapkan oleh Tuhan menjadi khalifah wakil-Nya di Bumi. Maka kewajiban asasi kita yang diniscayakan untuk dilaksanakan adalah merawat Bumi. Bumi ini bukan warisan Ibu Pertiwi yang boleh kita manfaatkan begitu saja, tetapi pinjaman kita dari anak cucu yang harus bisa dikembalikan dalam keadaan relatif utuh agar bisa pula mereka manfaatkan. Melaksanakan kewajiban asasi memang tak mudah. Perlu ketekunan, ketabahan, dan intelectual sincerity, sebab pelaksanaan itu tak hanya membutuhkan keterampilan teknis, tetapi juga berhubung adanya godaan-godaan yang datang dari pihak setan. Ketika dia mendengar bahwa yang dipercayakan Tuhan jadi wakil-Nya di Bumi bukan malaikat, melainkan makhluk manusia, dia cemburu dan berang. Dia konon sejak itu bersumpah akan menggoda manusia terus-menerus. Mengutamakan hak orang lain berlaku tak hanya di kala perang, tetapi juga di masa damai, seperti selama proses pembangunan berjalan berkelanjutan, pada saat kita bertugas di lingkungan legislatif, yudikatif, dan eksekutif, terutama dalam pelaksanaan pendidikan. Ini adalah satu-satunya kegiatan yang menyiapkan anak-anak membangun masa depannya sendiri yang relevan, yaitu tempat dia akan menjalani sisa hidupnya selaku generasi milenium. Maka proses didaktis ini perlu dikaji relevansinya. Mungkin ada pengetahuan dan nilai yang tak perlu dibelajarkan lagi unlearn, ada yang perlu ditinjau ulang relearn, demikian pula penjenjangan proses studinya sejak TK hingga perguruan tinggi PT. Ada yang mengatakan filsuf Nietzsche pernah berujar akan datang waktu di mana satu-satunya kebijakan pemerintah adalah kebijakan pendidikan. Jika demikian, bagi Indonesia, saat itu adalah sekarang ini, now or never, jangan asasi Bumi Sejauh yang mengenai Bumi sudah lama kita mengabaikan hak asasinya. Kita lupa tentang kewajiban asasi human terhadap hak asasi Bumi tersebut. Padahal, kita saksikan sendiri betapa sistem ekologis kita semakin parah tanah longsor, kekeringan di daerah hilir di mana membentang ranah perhatian, perbukitan dan tebing yang semakin gundul, pergerakan tanah. Kita sudah kehilangan the capacity to foresee and to forestall. Karena lalai dan tidak peduli, kita baru akan terhenti bertindak dengan sendirinya setelah menghancurkan Bumi. Jelas bahwa makhluk manusia lahir di satu rentang waktu spesifik. Artinya, kita ditakdirkan menjalani hidup dan menempuh kehidupan di suatu jenjang tertentu dari nasib human yang mekar terus-menerus. Seorang individu tergolong pada satu generasi. Dia bahkan merupakan suatu substansinya. Dan setiap generasi berposisi tidak di sembarang lokasi, tetapi langsung dan cepat sudah generasi sebelumnya. Kenyataan ini mengindikasikan manusia hidup, berdaya, di level zamannya dan, lebih khusus lagi, di level dari ide zamannya. Jika dia hidup di level yang lebih rendah, bersendikan ide arkais, dia menyeret dirinya sendiri ke kehidupan yang lebih rendah, serba sumpek. Begitulah keadaan kita sekarang dalam terminologi ekologis, terutama di sektor urban. Mungkin di daerah-daerah terpencil belum begitu terasa, tetapi paling sedikit sudah bergerak ke ambang batas awal. Jika kita stop sejenak langkah ke depan dan meninjau ke prasejarah, kita lihat bahwa nyaris setiap lenyapnya bentuk kehidupan atau spesies disebabkan satu atau sebuah kombinasi dari tiga elemen spesialisasi intensif yang menjurus ke titik akhir evolusioner, kekuatan-kekuatan geologis atau iklim yang ternyata katastropis atau tindakan spesies lain yang bersikap permusuhan. Selama jutaan tahun pertarungan ke arah humanitas, bentuk kehidupan yang berupa manusia terelak dari jebakan spesialisasi. Spesies satu ini terus berubah dan beradaptasi pada suratan takdir human-nya, bisa mempertahankan opsi-opsinya. Dia juga dapat mengatasi elemen-elemen kehancurannya. Ancaman ketiga perlu diperhitungkan keampuhannya. Ancaman itu tak lain daripada makhluk manusia itu sendiri. Dia sekaligus berupa pengancam dan yang terancam dek obsesi liar yang dimanjakan, yaitu âmenguasai bumiâ dengan tetap mengaktualisasi kebebasan memilih. Dampak fatal dari obsesi liar itu sudah diingatkan oleh Kementerian Dalam Negeri AS sejak 90 tahun lalu. Kalau manusia masih punya kebebasan memilih dewasa ini manfaatkanlah ia ke arah sebaliknya sebagai suatu keharusan absolut guna mengelak dari nasib malang yang sudah dialami oleh dinosaurus dan hewan raksasa purba serupa Antropolog mengatakan manusia adalah produk dari evolusi jutaan tahun. Dia dibentuk secara harfiah oleh lingkungan alami di luar dan kekuatan hidup di dalam dirinya. Selama kurun waktu itu dia bertarung demi kelangsungan hidupnya. Sikapnya terhadap alam memang ambivalen sebab alam sekaligus teman dan musuhnya. Demi memenangkan pertarungan hidup-mati itu manusia memupuk ilmu pengetahuan dan dari sini mengembangkan teknologi. Namun, pelaksanaannya mengacaukan makna ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi. Ia lupa bahwa ilmu pengetahuan adalah pencarian kebenaran, sedangkan teknologi adalah alat/cara means untuk menerapkan kebenaran. Jika demi kebenaran ilmu pengetahuan dibolehkan relatif bebas, teknologi, yaitu penerapannya, perlu kontrol dan keseimbangan antara kearifan dan kebajikan. Setelah menyaksikan perluasan dan frekuensi bencana alam yang ditayangkan televisi setiap hari, kian jelas kita perlu pedoman guidelines. Namun, aparat pengarahan kita selalu memproyeksi hari esok di garis waktu horizontal dari hari ini. Jika hari esok menjadi hari ini, dalam kenyataannya, ia bisa menyimpang dari yang kita pikirkan. Teknologi yang membentuk masa depan ada di tangan kita. Yang masih kita perlukan, pertama, cara/jalan politis dan sosial yang memberi arahan pada peralatan yang kita ciptakan tersebut. Kedua, diktum populer yang relatif mudah mengingatkan bahwa masa depan tidak di tangan nasib, tetapi di genggaman kita. Adalah maksud tulisan ini untuk menyajikan pedoman tadi. Maka sebelum terlambat, berhentilah meneriakkan hak asasi manusia. Kita punya kewajiban moral terhadap masa depan. Marilah kita tegaskan kewajiban asasi human dan menjadikannya landasan untuk melestarikan lima unsur pokok alami, yang jika disebut satu per satu berinisial H, U, K, U, M, yaitu âHutanâ, âUdaraâ, âKaliâ, âUnsur kekayaan alam natural endowmentâ, âMembumiâ. Hutan bagai paru-paru yang berfungsi selaku alat pernapasan dan khazanah dari aneka jenis flora dan fauna. Udara perlu dijaga jangan sampai tercemar. Pencemaran berdampak bagai pilek. Ia menyerang si kaya, si miskin, tua dan muda, penduduk urban dan sektor pedesaan. Berhubung menyerang siapa saja, ia berdampak global. Kali adalah aliran dan persediaan air, baik yang berada di permukaan maupun di dalam bumi, di lapisan-lapisan dan pori-pori tanahnya. Air maha-penting bagi semua jenis kehidupan, baik konsumtif maupun produktif. Industri jelas perlu air berkualitas baik, jernih, dan belum tercemar. Namun, hak berproduksi bukanlah hak membuat polusi. Aliran air bukanlah saluran tempat pembuangan sampah. Ia bukan wadah alami bagi limbah beracun. Unsur kekayaan alam yang adalah our natural endowment bukan warisan Ibu Pertiwi yang boleh kita lalap seenaknya, tetapi pinjaman dari anak cucu yang harus bisa kita kembalikan dalam keadaan relatif utuh hingga masih bisa mereka manfaatkan demi kelangsungan hidup. Membumi berarti merawat tanah sebab kita perlu tempat berpijak. Kita tak hidup di awang-awang. Dan tanah bukan aset yang tak berharga. Demi pemilikan sejengkal tanah orang rela matiâsedumuk bathuk senyari bumi. Semua inisial tadi jika dirangkai membentuk akronim âHUKUMâ, hukum mendasar dari kelangsungan hidup kita, the basic law of our Joesoef, Alumnus Universite Pluridisciplinaires Pantheon-Sorbonne
Kewajibanasasi manusia. Oleh Jaya Suprana *) Kamis, 16 Juli 2020 17:08 WIB. Jaya Suprana. ANTARA/HO-dokumentasi pribadi. Jakarta (ANTARA) - Satu di antara sekian banyak hikmah yang saya peroleh dari pagebluk virus Corona adalah memperoleh banyak waktu untuk merenung. Satu di antara sekian banyak bahan renungan adalah kenyataan bahwa ternyata
Perlindungan dan PemajuanHak Asasi Manusia di IndonesiaShafna Safitri1401617049Program Studi Pendidikan Pancasila dan Negeri JakartaJalan. Rawamangun Muka Nomor 1 Jakarta Timur, IndonesiaAbstrakArtikel ini dilatarbelakangi oleh ketertarikan penulis terhadap perlindungan dan penegakanhak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Tujuan penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh manaperkembangan penegakan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia dan mengedukasi pembaca terhadappenegakan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan penulisan ini yaitu studipustaka dari beberapa sumber data. Data yang terdapat di dalam penulisan ini merupakanfakta tentang penegakan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia. Berdasarkan data tersebut dapatdisimpulkan bahwa penegakan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia sudah mulai dapat dikatakancukup baik karena mulai berkurangnya pelangaran hak asasi manusia yang terjadi diIndonesia. Hasil dari penulisan ini diharapkan dapat menambah wawasan pengetahuan danmeningkatkan kesadaran pembaca untuk tetap melakukan perlindungan dan penegakanterhadap hak asasi kunci â HAM, Pelanggaran, PenegakanI. PendahuluanManusia adalah makhluk yangdiciptakan oleh Tuhan Yang Maha Esadengan segala kesempurnaannya. Salahsatu kesempurnaan yang diberikan TuhanYang Maha Esa kepada manusia adalahâakal dan pikiranâ yang mampumembedakannya dengan makhluk diciptakan dan dilahirkan manusiatelah dianugerahi hak-hak yang melekatpada dirinya dan harus dihormati olehmanusia yang lainnya. Hak tersebutdisebut juga dengan Hak Asasi ManusiaHAM.John Locke seorang ahli Ilmu Negaramenyatakan bahwa hak asasi manusiaadalah hak-hak yang diberikan langsungoleh Tuhan Yang Maha Pencipta sebagaihak yang kodrati. Oleh karena nya tidakada kekuasaan apapun di dunia yang dapatmencabutnya. Hak sifatnya sangatmendasar bagi hidup dan merupakan hakkodrati yang terlepas dari Undang-Undang RepublikIndonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Pasal 1menyebutkan bahwa âHak Asasi Manusiaadalah seperangkat hak yang melekatpada manusia sebagai makhluk TuhanYang Maha Esa dan merupakan anugerah-Nya yang wajib dihormati, dijunjungtinggi, dan dilindungi oleh negara, hukum,pemerintah, dan setiap orang demikehormatan serta perlindungan harkatdan martabat manusiaâ.Berdasarkan rumusan-rumusan hakasasi manusia tersebut diatas, dapatdisimpulkan bahwa hak asasi manusiaadalah hak yang melekat pada diri manusiayang bersifat kodrati dan fundamentalsebagai anugerah Tuhan Yang Maha Esayang harus dihormati, dijaga, dandilindungi oleh setiap individu,masyarakat, atau yang dimiliki oleh setiap orangtentunya tidak dapat dilaksanakan sebebas-bebasnya, karena ia berhadapan langsungdan harus menghormati hak yang dimilikiorang lain. Hak asasi manusia terdiri atasdua hal yang paling fundamental, yaitu hakpersamaan dan hak kebebasan. Tanpaadanya kedua hak ini maka akan sangatsulit untuk mengakkan hak asasi penerapannya, hak asasimanusia HAM juga tidak dapatdilepaskan dari kewajiban asasi manusiaKAM dan tanggung jawab asasi manusiaTAM. Ketiganya merupakan keterpaduanyang berlangsung secara seimbang. Bilaketiga unsur asasi yang melekat padasetiap indivdu manusia tidak berjalanseimbang makan dapat dipastikanakanmenimbulkan kekacauan dan kesewenang-wenangan dalam tata kehidupan asasi manusia juga mempunyaibeberapa ciri pokok, yaituï·HAM tidak perlu diberikan,diminta, dibeli, atau diwarisi. HAMbersifat hakiki dan yang merupakanbagian dari manusia secaraotomatis.ï·HAM bersifat universal, artinyaberlaku untuk semua orang tanpamemandang jenis kelamin, ras,agama, etnis, pandangan politik,dan asal-usul bangsa.ï·Ham tidak bisa dilanggar, artinyatidak seorang pun yang mempunyaihak untuk membatasi ataumelanggar hak orang lain. Orangtetap memiliki HAM walaupunnegara membuat hukum yang tidakmelindungi atau melanggar terhadap hak asasi manusiapada hakikatnya merupakan penghargaanterhadap segala potensi dan harga dirimanusia menurut kodratnya. Walaupundemikian, kita tidak boleh lupa bahwahakikat tersebut tidak hanya mengundanghak untuk menikmati kehidupan secarakodrati. Sebab dalam hakikat kodratiitupun terkandung kewajiban pada dirimanusia tersebut. Tuhan memberikansejumlah hak dasar tadi dengan kewajibanmembina dan dan pemajuan hak asasimanusia HAM tidak hanya menjaditanggung jawab pemerintah saja, namunmenjadi tanggung jawab bersamamasyarakat. Artinya, pemerintah maupunmasyarakat sesuai dengan peran dankedudukannya masing-masing sama-samabertanggung jawab untuk melindungi danmemajukan hak asasi PembahasanUpaya pemajuan hak asasi manusia diIndonesia sudah mulai dilakukan sejakIndonesia merdeka. Pemikiran HAM padaawal periode kemerdekaan masihmenekankan pada hak untuk merdeka, hakkebebasan untuk berserikat melaluiorganisasi politik yang didirikan serta hakkebebasan untuk menyampaikan pendapatterutama di parlemen. Periode 1950-1959 dalam perjalanannegara Indonesia dikenal dengan sebutanperiode demokrasi parlementer. PemikiranHAM pada periode ini mendapatkanmeomentum yang sangat membanggakan,karena suasana kebebasan yang menjadisemangat demokrasi liberal atau demokrasiparlementer mendapatkan tempat dikalangan elit politik. Sehingga semakinbanyak partai-patai politik yang berdiridengan beragam ideologinya 1959-1966, pada periode inisistem pemerintahan yang berlaku adalahsistem demokrasi terpimpin sebagai reaksipenolakan Soekarno terhadap sistemdemokrasi parlementer. Pada sistem inikekuasaan terpusat pada terjadi pemasungan hak asasimanusia, yaitu hak sipil dan hak kata lain, telah terjadi pembatasankekuasaan terhadap hak sipil dan hakpolitik warga 1966-1998, terjadi peralihanpemerintahan dari Soekarno ke Soeharto,dan timbul semangat untuk menegakkanHAM. Pada masa ini diadakan seminartentang HAM. Namun, pada tahun 1970-an sampai periode akhir 1980-an persoalanHAM di Indonesia mengalamikemunduran karena pemikiran penguasayang menolak penegakan pada akhirnya pemerintahmendirikan Komisi Nasional Hak AsasiManusia Komnas HAM berdasarkanKepres Nomor 50 Tahun 1993 padatanggal 7 Juni 1993. Lembaga ini bertugasuntuk memantau dan menyelidikipelaksanaan HAM serta memberipendapat, pertimbangan, dan saran kepadapemerintah perihal pelaksanaan pada periode 1998-Sekarang berlangsung membaik. Karenapergantian pemerintahan pada tahun 1998memberikan dampak yang sangat besarpada pemajuan dan perlindungan HAM diIndonesia. Saat ini sedang dilakukanpengkajian beberapa kebijakan pemerintahpada masa orde baru yang berlawanandengan pemajuan dan perlindungan itu juga dilakukan penyusunanperaturan perundang-undangan yangberkaitan dengan pemberlakuan HAM,seperti Undang-Undangan RepublikIndonesia Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentangHak Asasi penegakan HAM, pemerintahmempunyai tanggung jawab yang upaya yang dilakukan pemerintahdalam menegakkan HAM, diantaranyaadalah membentuk Komnas HAM,membuat produk hukum yang mengaturtentang HAM, dan membentuk pemerintah, masyarakat jugabertanggung jawab dalam penegakanHAM. Oleh karena itu kita sebagai warganegara, sikap yang patut kita munculkandalam upaya penegakan hak asasi manusiaantara lain dapat berupa menolak dengantegas setiap terjadinya pelanggaran HAMdan mendukung dengan tetap bersikapkritis terhadap upaya penegakan perlindungan dan penegakanHAM tentu tidak semudah yang kitabayangkan, karena banyak sekalitantangan yang harus dihadapi, baik olehmasyarakat maupun pemerintah. Beberapatantangan yang harus dihadapi itu antaralain kurangnya pemahaman danpengetahuan tentang HAM, kurangnyapengalaman dalam penegakan HAM,kemiskinan, keterbelakangan, pemahamanHAM masih terbatas dalam pemahangerakan penegak HAM, dan kurangnyakemampuan berpikir analatik mengenaipersoalan berpikir analitikmengenai berbagai persoalan hidup initerkait dengan sejumlah informasi dalamhal ini pengetahuan yang tepat dan relevansebab pengetahuan tentang isu ataumasalah merupakan syarat awal untukmemulai suatu tindakan yang tepat. EvaMarthinu & Nadiroh, 2017Oleh sebab itu, maka tercatat di dalamsejarah beberapa kasus pelanggaran HAMyang pernah terjadi di Indonesia,diantaranyaï·Kerusuhan Tanjung Priok padatanggal 12 September kasus ini tercatat sebanyak24 orang tewas, 36 orang lukaberat, dan 19 orang luka ringan.ï·Penembakan beberapa mahasiswaUniversitas Trisakti yang terjadipada tanggal 12 Mei 1998. Dalamkasus ini tercatat 5 orang tewas.ï·Tragedi Semanggi I pada tanggal13 November 1998. Dalam kasusini tercatat 5 orang tewas.ï·Tragedi Semanggi II pada tanggal24 September 1999. Dalam kasusini tercatat 5 orang tewas.ï·Pembunuhan Munir yangmerupakan Aktivis HAM padatanggal 7 September kasus diatas adalah contohbahwa masih terjadinya penindasanterhadap nilai-nilai upaya penegakan HAM sudahdilakukan sangat lama bahkan sejakIndonesia merdeka, namun ternyatapelanggaran dan penindasan terhadap hakkemanusiaan masih saja terjadi disekitarkita. Contoh kasus pelanggaran HAM yanglainnya ialah kasus kematian TKI di luarnegeri dan kejahatan kemanusiaan masihsaja mewarnai perjalanan upaya penegakanHAM di tidak terjadi pelanggaran danpenindasan terhadap HAM makadiperlukan peranan pemerintah danpartisipasi masyarakat yang menjadi syaratutama dalam perlindungan dan pemajuanHAM di Indonesia. Dengan demikian,diharapkan tercipta peri kehidupan yangharrmonis yang dilandasi oleh PenutupHak Asasi Manusia atau yang biasakita sebut dengan HAM merupakan hakyang melekat pada diri manusia yang harusdihormati, dijaga, dan dilindungi olehsetiap individu, masyarakat, dan demikian, hakikatpenghormatan dan perlindungan HAMialah menjaga keselamatan eksistensimanusia secara utuh melalui aksikeseimbangan. Keseimbangannya adalahantara hak dan kewajiban sertakeseimbangan antara kepentinganperorangan dengan kepentingan menghormati, melindungi, danmenjunjung tinggi HAM menjadikewajiban dan tanggung jawab bersamaantara individu, pemerintah, dan dalam memenuhi dan menuntut haktidak terlepas dari pemenuhan kewajibanyang harus dilaksanakan. Begitu jugadalam memenuhi kepentinganperseorangan, kepentingan tersebut tidakboleh merusak kepentingan umum. Karenaitu, pemenuhan, perlindungan, danpenghormatan terhadap HAM harus diikutidengan pemenuhan terhadap KAMkewajiban asasi manusia dan TAMtanggung jawab asasi manusia dalamkehidupan pribadi, bermasyarakat, ReferensiEva Marthinu, Nadiroh September, 2017.âPengaruh Experiential Learning dan Pengetahuan Pembangan Berkelanjutan Terhadap Berpikir Analitik Masalah Lingkunganâ. Jurnal Pendidikan Lingkungan danPembangunan XVIII. No Ngadimin Winata, Edison A. Jamli 2013. âPendidikan Pancasila dan Kewaganegaraan SMA/ MA Kelas Xâ. Jakarta RI No. 39 Tahun 1999 1999 tentang Hak Asasi ManusiaProf. Dr. Soedjono Dirdjosisworo 2002. âPengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia Indonesiaâ. Bandung PT. Citra Aditya Bakti
Sudahsemestinya negara berkewajiban untuk menegakkan hak asasi manusia, menjadi pihak yang pertama yang wajib melindungi hak asasi manusia rakyatnya, terutama rakyat yang rentan dan lemah posisinya, baik fisik maupun kedudukan dalam ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan politik, antara lain orang miskin, perempuan, anak-anak, dan juga minoritas.
It has been clear for some time that the bail system in Ontario is not operating fairly. The failings of the bail process have long been a matter of discussion within Ontarioâs criminal justice system. Recently in the Premierâs September 2016 mandate letter to the Attorney General, reform surrounding bail and remand continued to be a top priority for the province. The Premier tasked the Ministry with developing a bail strategy that âshould establish clear, measurable outcomes and provide for regular and ongoing public reporting to Ontarians.â1 At the same time, the Premier mandated the Minister of Community Safety and Corrections to work with the Attorney General to develop and implement a targeted strategy to improve âthe efficiency and effectiveness of Ontarioâs criminal justice system in the area of bail and remand.â2 In November 2015, the Prime Minister mandated the Minister of Justice and the Attorney General of Canada to address bail reform as part of a larger modernization effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the criminal justice system. Legal Aid fully supports the need for a comprehensive strategy for bail reform and believes it can be a leader in both its development and its implementation. An overview As a matter of law, all accused persons are presumed innocent. The Criminal Code carefully defines and constricts the circumstances in which a person may be lawfully detained, or have his or her liberty restricted, prior to conviction. Unfortunately, the reality of how the law of bail is practiced in Ontario does not display the same protection for the presumption of innocence. Accused persons, including a significant number of Legal Aid clients, too often bear the brunt of this disconnect between the practical realities of bail and the overarching legal principles and protections accorded to by law. The majority of inmates at Ontario jails are not serving a sentence after having pled guilty or being found guilty. Instead, the majority of inmates have been remanded into custody awaiting a bail hearing or a trial. In fact, over the past 15 years, there has been an increase in this âremand populationâ, during a time in which the crime rate has remained constant or has fallen. Persons who are detained prior to trial are housed in overcrowded provincial institutions and âsubject to the worst aspects of our correctional systemâ3, without access to recreational, work or rehabilitation programs that are available to persons who are serving a sentence. For persons with mental health and/or addiction issues, the lack of treatment programs available in remand facilities can have catastrophic and even life-threatening consequences. It is not without reason that the period of time that an accused spends in remand detention prior to trial is known colloquially in the criminal justice system as âdead timeâ.4 Detaining persons prior to trial and removing them from their community and access to counsel increase the likelihood of unjust convictions and/or more severe sentences after conviction. As noted by Justice Iacobucci in R. v. Hall, where an accused is denied access to bail he or she is ââŠrendered more likely to plead guilty, and, as a result, to waive the various safeguards against unjust conviction that the system providesâ.5 Finally, the financial costs of holding an accused in custody prior to trial far exceed the costs of supervising in the community an accused who is awaiting trial. The 2012 Drummond Report on government spending found that the per diem cost of detaining an adult prior to trial is about $183 a day, as opposed to $5 a day for community supervision. The Report urged the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services to work in tandem with the Ministry of the Attorney General âto address the growing challenge of increased custody remandâ.6 The John Howard Society of Ontario in its 2013 report on bail âReasonable Bail?â summarized the problems with bail in Ontario as follows âLess people are being released on bail, less quickly, and with more conditions, during a time of historically low, and still declining crime rates. These trends have not only impacted the amount of backlog in the criminal court processes, but have also had a dramatic impact on provincial remand populations. The net effect is significant expenditures on criminal justice processes on the taxpayersâ dimeâ.7 Impact of a failed bail process on legal aid clients As outlined above, the bail system is in dire need of repair. Legal Aid clients who are the most vulnerable in our society, members of Aboriginal groups and racialized minorities, and persons living with mental health and/or substance abuse issues, are disproportionately affected by the inequities in the bail process. Historically, LAOâs low financial eligibility has meant that 73% of the million Ontarians qualifying for legal aid certificates receive income support through Ontarioâs two main income and employment support programs. Clients with mental health needs conservatively account for around $85 million â nearly 25% â of LAOâs yearly budget. Approximately 15% of LAO clients are Aboriginal, whereas Aboriginal people only comprise 2% of Ontarioâs population. Several recent reports8 have documented the âracialization of poverty,â demonstrating that âracialized communities experience ongoing, disproportionate levels of povertyâ.9 The discriminatory effect of the current bail system on the poor and persons living on the margins of society was aptly described by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association in its recent 2014 Report as follows âLegally innocent individuals are processed through a bail system that is chaotic and unnecessarily risk-averse and disproportionately penalizes and frequently criminalizes â poverty, addiction and mental health issuesâ.10 A number of other studies have also specifically documented how the current bail system in Ontario may prejudice LAO clients. A recent study of persons supervised by bail programs showed that over 40% of the group had mental health issues, 31% had recurring mental health and substance abuse issues, while one-third of this group identified themselves as Aboriginal people currently comprise 13% of persons in remand detention despite representing only 2% of Ontarioâs In 1995, the Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System came to a âconclusion that is inescapable some black accused who were imprisoned before trial would not have been jailed if they had been white, and some white accused who were freed before trial would have been detained had they been blackâ.13 A 2002 study of bail courts in Toronto found that ârace remains a significant predicator of pre-trial detentionâ, after controlling for relevant legal factors related to flight risk and danger to the public. The same study also found that black accused, after controlling for similar variables, tend to receive significantly more release conditions than Data published by Statistics Canada in 2008 showed that 43% of persons remanded into custody were unemployed, compared to the national average of at the time of the study. In 2000, the National Council of Welfare concluded, âthe reason that accused persons are kept in custody for weeks and months before their trial is not because they are dangerous and poor, but mostly because they are poorâ. In addition, the particular vulnerabilities of LAO client groups are only exacerbated by the failings of the Ontario bail system For Aboriginal accused persons living in remote communities, a decision by a police officer to hold the accused in detention pending a bail hearing, rather than craft a release with conditions, results in the accused being taken to a provincial detention centre many kilometres away without access to the very community supports that could support his or her release pending trial. Racialized and Aboriginal persons who are subject to over-policing practices and racial profiling are more likely to find themselves in pre-trial detention than those from non-racialized and non-Aboriginal backgrounds. The disproportionate effect of the bail process on LAO clients flows directly from how decisions about bail are made in this province. In particular, Ontarioâs over-reliance on surety releases, and the far too frequent imposition of multiple and excessive conditions on any release order, serve to increase the likelihood of pre-trial detention. These two particular defects in the bail process have a specific impact on Legal Aid clients and are discussed in detail below. As documented in several recent reports15, it is not difficult to locate the reasons for the failure of Ontarioâs bail process. These reasons â some of which are also specifically identified in the 2014 Premierâs Letter of Mandate to the Attorney General â are summarized below. 1 Police do not exercise authority to release from the scene Outside of a limited number of serious offences, the police are expected under the Criminal Code to release an accused with few conditions or restrictions on his or her liberty. The restrictions are largely geared to ensuring the protection of the public and the accusedâs appearance at trial. Notwithstanding the clear legal rules authorizing the police to release, and a falling crime rate, there has been a notable decrease in the past 15 years in the police exercise of discretion to charge and release persons from the scene. Instead, the police have been much more prepared to place accused persons under arrest and detain them for a bail hearing. Between 2001 and 2007, the number of criminal cases in Ontario that started in bail court as opposed to a release from the scene by the police, for example increased by 38%.16 A number of recent reports addressing both the problems of bail and inefficiencies in the criminal justice system have identified the over-use of police detention practices as an area which requires These reports have been authored by parties from both outside and within the criminal justice system. All have recommended that the police make better and more expansive use of their lawful authority to release accused persons with conditions, rather than simply relying on their power to arrest and detain accused persons for a bail 2 Systemic delays in holding bail hearings Under the Criminal Code, all accused have the legal right to a timely bail hearing. The police are required to bring an accused before a justice of the peace for a bail hearing without unreasonable delay, within 24 hours if a justice is available, or as soon as practicable, if a justice is not available. A bail hearing may not be adjourned for more than three days without the consent of the accused. As was recently documented by the Canadian Civil Liberties Association CCLA, however, and in despite of these legal protections, there are âcontinued systemic violation of constitutional rights in Ontario bail courts.â19 In Ontario, unlike any other Canadian jurisdiction, accused persons are being forced to âlanguish in custodyâ simply because a court does not have the time to hold a bail hearing. The CCLA found that Ontario is experiencing unique problems of systemic delay during three weeks of observation, 20 people were returned to jail without having their cases heard simply because the court ran out of The CCLA also cited with approval an earlier academic study of the reasons for the rise of the remand population in Ontario. In that study, the length of time spent by accused persons waiting for a bail hearing and the increase in the number of people detained by the police, were identified as the two determinative factors leading to the dramatic increase in the remand population between 2001 and The study noted that during the same period of time in which the remand population was increasing, the percentage of accused persons who were detained following a bail hearing stayed relatively constant. The impact of delaying an accusedâs legal right to a bail hearing cannot be underestimated. It is generally recognized that these delays increase the likelihood that an accused will feel compelled to plead guilty,22 or compelled to agree to onerous and unqualified release conditions, simply because there is no other way to be released from custody. Put bluntly, by not providing timely bail hearings, the likelihood of wrongful convictions, and the further criminalization of accused persons when they are unable to comply with the terms of their bail, are heightened. 3 Overuse of sureties as a requirement of judicial interim release The law of sureties and bail conditions Under the Criminal Code, all accused persons who have been detained pending a bail hearing may be released by entering into a recognizance with the supervision of a surety. The surety enters into an enforceable agreement with the Crown that, in the event the surety fails to abide by their responsibilities of supervision including notifying the police if the accused fails to comply with any release conditions, the surety will be indebted to the Crown for an agreed-upon amount. In addition to having sufficient financial resources, a surety must be someone who, because of his or her character, position of authority, and relationship and links to the accused, can ensure that the accused will attend court and comply with any and all conditions of pre-trial The general rule for determining bail conditions, including the use of a surety release, is that the presumption of innocence continues to apply and that âconditions of release ought to be approached with restraint and should only be imposed to the extent that are necessary to give effect to the criteria for releaseâ.24 Further, Section 11e of the Charter guarantees that everyone charged with an offence has the right ânot to be denied reasonable bail without just causeâ. In R v. Pearson, Lamer articulated that âReasonable bailâ refers to the terms of bail. Thus the quantum of bail and the restrictions imposed on the accuserâs liberty while on bail must be âreasonableâ.25 Following this general rule of restraint and the constitutional requirement for reasonable terms of bail, the Criminal Code mandates what has been called a âladder approachâ for determining the terms and conditions of an accusedâs pre-trial release. A court must start from an assumption that the accused should be released with the least onerous conditions undertaking without conditions and may only move up the âladderâ and impose more onerous terms and conditions requiring a surety and conditions after concluding that the lower ârungsâ are insufficient to authorize the accusedâs release from Further, the Crown must show cause for each increasingly restrictive form of The reality of surety releases in Ontario A surety release is one of the most onerous forms of release, short of a cash deposit. As a result, the ladder approach would dictate that requiring a surety would be an exceptional form of release and not a common In actual fact, in Ontario the use of surety releases, as pointed out by the John Howard Society in its recent report, âhas become increasingly entrenched, irrespective of the ladder approach that the Criminal Code directs.â29 Recent studies show that the use of surety releases in Ontario exceeds that of all other jurisdictions in Canada, other than the Yukon. A 2013 CCLA observational study of bail courts in Ontario found that of those released on bail on consent or after a contested hearing were required to have a surety supervise their bail. Specifically, when the accused was released after a contested hearing, were required to have a The CCLA also found that of accused persons released on bail were required to reside with their surety, and to comply with any rule that the surety imposed in their home. The same study found that the same observational study of bail courts in British Columbia and Manitoba showed that sureties were never required, even after a show cause hearing. A study published in 2009 found that of accused in a select number of observed bail courts in Ontario were required to have a surety to obtain their release from pre-trial The report of the Ministry of the Attorney Generalâs expert panel on bail also found that âit is common practice in Ontario to require an accused person who is being released on bail to provide a suretyâ.32 There is no evidence that the use of sureties, as opposed to a less onerous form of release, provides any more assurance that the accused will comply with the conditions of his or her bail. As cited above, in contrast to Ontario, British Columbia and Manitoba do not require sureties to supervise an accusedâs bail, and yet the charge and conviction rates for failing to comply with a bail order in those provinces are almost identical to those of Ontario. In the western provinces, the use of surety bails is reserved for serious offences and where the accused has been arrested after being released on a less onerous form of Ontario does offer an alternative to surety release, through its bail verification and supervision programs34, to accused persons who lack a suitable surety but are otherwise candidates for release. As their name suggests these programs employ a two-stage progress, with screening âverificationâ as a precursor to acceptance for supervision. Ontarioâs bail verification and supervision programs are delivered through contracted agencies35 and are not available province-wide. The Ministry of the Attorney Generalâs expert panel on bail found in 2013 that local knowledge and use of the programs varies across the communities in which they are In British Columbia, by contrast, bail supervision is delivered directly by the province, through the Community Corrections Division of the Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General. The provincial probation service provides community supervision to over 22,000 individuals each year, including over 7,500 persons who are subject to a bail The over-reliance on surety releases in Ontario delays the bail process, as accused persons often must seek adjournments to put together a ârelease planâ, and the surety must be available to attend court to testify and be cross-examined under Requiring proposed sureties to testify during bail hearings decreases the number of bail hearings that can be held in court each day, and thus lengthens the delay faced by all accused awaiting a bail hearing. It has long been recognized that a streamlined process for surety releases, including not requiring viva voce evidence, would significantly advance the just and timely determination of bail The Canadian Civil Liberties Association, the John Howard Society of Ontario and the Fourth Annual Criminal Justice Symposium have all recommended a reduction in the use of sureties as the preferred form of judicial pre-trial release. Discriminatory effects on Legal Aid clients The over-reliance on surety releases effectively discriminates against accused persons, many of whom are Legal Aid clients, who do not have access to persons in the community with sufficient private resources or standing to qualify as sureties. More specifically, the over-reliance on surety releases is particularly prejudicial for members of marginalized populations, including those with mental health and/or addiction issues who may not have support from family and/or friends to act as a surety. It stands to reason that these clients will have a much harder time finding a suitable surety, than would an accused with a higher income level and who may enjoy better family and other private support As pointed out by the CCLA Individuals without a job, property, strong family support or ties to the middle-class social networks often struggle to find a suitable surety and stable housing. As a consequence, accused persons without sufficient resources and social supports to secure a surety are more likely to find themselves in remand custody pending trial and for a longer period time than other accused persons who have a suitable surety and release plan. For Aboriginal accused who are from the remote communities in Ontario, there are additional barriers created by the use of sureties as the preferred form of release. These accused are often, on arrest, flown out of their communities and detained in custody many kilometres away from their home. As a result, their ability to contact a potential surety, and have that surety attend at court, is severely if not irretrievably It is only in limited parts of the province that efforts have been made to improve this situation by allowing sureties to appear by way of video from their local police station, rather than travel to the actual court house holding the bail hearing. Jonathan Rudin, in his report to the Ipperwash Commission, found that the detention of Aboriginal accused is often the result of the âsystemic conditions of Aboriginal peopleâ. Many of those arrested have little income, no jobs, and are often homeless. In addition, these individuals may have previous convictions for failure to attend court or failure to comply with a bail condition or a probation order. All of these factors combine to make the Aboriginal accused person seem less likely to appear for court if released and thus either detained absolutely, or required to obtain surety to gain Although it is appropriate that the amount ordered in a recognizance is ârelatively substantial to the accused and/or his/her sureties, it is inappropriate to set bail at a figure which effectively detains the accused personâ.43 Thus, to secure the release of the accused, it is imperative that the quantum of bail does not exceed what a surety can pledge in relation to his or her means. However, it must be recognized that for accused persons, and particularly Legal Aid clients, these amounts may still be beyond the means of their proposed sureties. Further, of greatest concern is the reality that accused persons of vulnerable backgrounds may only have potential sureties of no means, and as a result, without the likelihood of securing their release. The CCLA 2013 study found that the amount of bail was set at a mean of $3,004 and at a median of $1,000. A 1999 study of bail found that about 50% of consent release cases required more than $1,000 to be promised on behalf of the accused. Professor Martin Friedland, one of the architects of the Bail Reform Act which formed the basis for the present law of bail in Canada, has suggested that the increased requirement of surety releases effectively creates a danger of re-introducing âsecurity in advanceâ as a common condition of pre-trial Risk avoidance, or what has been called âorganizational risk aversion,â45 has become entrenched at the bail stage of the criminal justice process. It fuels over-reliance on surety release and the imposition of too many, often unrealistic, bail conditions, despite the âladder approachâ mandated by the Criminal Code. Eliminating organizational risk aversion may never be possible. However, revised ministry policies could help to influence the decision-making of police and crown attorneys. Improved training or strengthened educational requirements for justices of the peace, who preside over the majority of bail hearings, could strengthen their skills and confidence in making bail orders that are consistent with the Codeâs 4 Too many conditions attached to release The law of bail conditions As discussed, the Criminal Code mandates that courts should exercise restraint in imposing conditions when ordering the accusedâs interim release. A court can only impose a specific condition after concluding that the Crown has met its onus to show that the accusedâs appearance at trial, and public safety, cannot be adequately protected by a less onerous form of release. Importantly, if an accused is arrested while out on bail for violating a condition of his or her release or for a subsequent offence, the usual onus is reversed and the burden is placed on the accused to justify his or her release from detention pending trial and to demonstrate why the most onerous release conditions should not be imposed by the court. The Criminal Code provides a mechanism for an accused to challenge the legality of a judicial pre-trial detention order, or the conditions attached to a judicial interim release order. As a general matter, a Superior court may on a bail review set aside a detention order or any conditions attached to the judicial interim release order if the court finds that the original lower court made an error in law or there has been substantial change since the issuing of the original release order. Reality of bail conditions The law imposes strict limits on the imposition of terms and conditions on bail release. The reality, however, is that many accused are subject to multiple conditions that are unrelated either to the need to ensure his or her appearance at trial or to protect the publicThese conditions often seek to restrict the accusedâs personal behaviour that is unrelated to the charged offence, or even criminal behaviour in general, but over which the accused has had difficulties in the past. Examples of these kinds of conditions include non-alcohol orders for those with substance abuse issues, and residency requirements for persons who are The subsequent failure of the accused to abide by these conditions may result in his or her arrest on the charge of fail to comply which makes his or her detention pending trial on the original charge even more likely. The Canadian Civil Liberties Association in its observational study of bail courts found that in Ontario accused persons were released with between six and seven conditions attached to their bail. The same study found that of all releases in Ontario required the accused to attend treatment or counselling, while required the accused to report to a program within a specified period of time. More than half of all releases 52% imposed geographical restrictions on where the accused could be found while out on bail. of accused persons were required to abstain from the use of alcohol. The John Howard Society of Ontarioâs study pointed out that, of the 158 clients with current alcohol or drug use issues who were granted bail and placed in a supervision program, about 81% were given conditions requiring them not to consume alcohol or to abstain from drugs. Other research has shown that youths have an average of six bail conditions placed on them, âwith most receiving relatively broad conditions such as obey the rules of the houseâ.48 The prejudicial effect of âbehaviouralâ bail conditions on the life of an accused who must comply with them cannot be underestimated. These conditions provide stringent limits on the accusedâs liberty even though the accused has yet to be convicted of a criminal offence. In many circumstances, these kinds of behavioural restrictions, because they are unrelated to purposes of bail, are illegal and These onerous conditions are invariably experienced by accused persons as punishment before a finding of The true adverse impact of the use of behavioural conditions as part of bail releases flows from the likelihood that an accused will be unable to comply with those conditions. Research shows that the imposition of multiple conditions on a bail order, along with the length of the accusedâs release, increases the likelihood that the accused will breach those conditions and be charged with a fail to comply offence. Over the past 10 years, the rise in the use of multiple behavioural conditions has been accompanied with a corresponding rise in the number of charges of failing to comply with a bail order. Between 2006 and 2012, the number of charges of failing to comply with a bail order increased by 27%. The rise in the number of fail to comply with bail orders is the main factor that has increased the number of fail to comply charges as a whole. In turn, the most common reason for an accused person to be detained prior to trial is that the accused was arrested while out on bail and charged with a failure to comply with a condition of his or her Within the criminal justice system, a conviction for a breach of a bail condition is particularly prejudicial to an accused since it denotes a failure to abide by court orders and the rules of the administration of justice generally. It makes the accused personâs release pending trial on any subsequent charge much more In fact, a failure to comply with a bail condition is the most common reason for a person to be admitted to pre-trial As noted by Professor Cheryl Webster, the overuse of restrictive bail conditions, and the inevitable resulting charges for breaching those conditions, has created a âvicious circleâŠwhereby the criminal justice system manufactures, in effect, its own Both the 2012 and 2013 Annual Canadian Criminal Justice Symposiums, discussing the topics of bail and mental health respectively, strongly recommended against the imposition of multiple bail conditions on interim release orders. The recently convened national 5th Annual Criminal Justice Symposium specifically noted that âcareful consideration should be given to the conditions imposed upon release from custody to avoid setting up the individual for failureâ. 55 Effect on legal aid clients The imposition of bail conditions that are directed largely to improving the behaviour of the accused is particularly prejudicial to Legal Aid clients, many of whom may be homeless and have mental health issues and/or substance abuse problems. The imposition of conditions that are geared to controlling these kinds of personal issues and problems often result clients being arrested again for breaching those terms of release, and being detained pending trial. The effect of these conditions has particularly adverse affects on marginalized persons in society These conditions have particularly dramatic impacts on marginalized individuals, who may find themselves legally prohibited from accessing the basic welfare services that they need in order to survive as a result of overlapping, stringent restrictions on location, contact and movement. The CCLA has recommended that to address the number of illegal and unreasonable bail conditions, and their adverse impact on marginalized groups, enhanced public funding should be provided to support and expand âpurposive, rapid targeted bail reviewsâ. These bail reviews could be directed towards challenging particularly onerous but commonly issued bail conditions that are unrelated to the purposes of bail. LAO plays a major role in Ontarioâs criminal justice system. It is estimated that about 60% of matters in the Ontario Court of Justice are Legal Aid cases. Representing criminal accused in bail proceedings is a fundamental role for duty counsel. LAO estimates that duty counsel represent 80% of criminal accused in bail hearings in Ontario. In addition, through the certificate system, LAO provides funding to private lawyers to conduct bail hearings, to bring bail reviews and to represent clients who have been charged with failing to comply with the terms of their bail. Bail hearings Certificate lawyers billed for 9,172 bail proceedings on all criminal certificates issued in 2012-13; 8,728 in 2013-14; 8,872 in 2014-15; and 6,930 in Duty counsel conducted 37,031 bail hearings in 2012-13; 33,594 in 2013-14; 33,066 in 2014-15; and 31,641 in 2015-16. Bail reviews LAO issued 546 certificates with a bail review authorization in 2012-13; 474 in 2013-14 and 321 billed to date in 2014-15. In each of the years between 2009-2015, LAO issued an average of 551 bail review certificates a year. However, from 2009 to 2014, authorized certificates for bail reviews decreased from 692 to 460 a year. Impact on LAO costs LAOâs own costs have been affected by what the CCLA has called the ârevolving doorâ of bail decision-making, whereby an accused is released on unreasonable conditions that inevitably result in a further âadministration of justiceâ charge and the detention of the accused. 50% of LAO certificates issued for the defence of a new charge have an administration of justice charge covered on the certificate. 8% of all criminal certificates are issued for an administration of justice charge alone. The cost of certificates where an administration of justice charge is the only charge on the certificate is approximately $ million per year. As an institution, LAO has for many years worked with other stakeholders to improve the efficiency of the bail process by improving its role in advancing Justice on Target and promoting an effective use of available technology. LAO senior staff participated in the recent Bail Expert Table that was established by Justice on Target to provide advice on potential improvements to the bail process. On the local level, LAO staff is actively involved in court management committees with the bar, private defence counsel and the Crown. Finally, both LAOâs Aboriginal Justice Strategy and LAOâs consultations to develop a Mental Health Strategy have documented the disproportionate adverse effect of the inequities of the bail process on Aboriginal persons and persons with mental health and addiction issues. Importantly, LAOâs bail system initiatives will not be developed in a policy vacuum, but rather in a manner that recognizes and works to address the connections and intersections that affect the vulnerable low-income client groups that LAO serves. Further, LAOâs ongoing consultations with the Violence Against Women VAW community, most particularly in support of the development of a dedicated LAO Domestic Violence Strategy, ensure that LAOâs work on bail initiatives is situated within a broader context that acknowledges the risks faced by victims of domestic violence and the need to provide this vulnerable group with access to appropriate services. LAOâs involvement in the bail process, on both a micro and a macro level, makes it well suited to develop its own initiatives to address the problems of bail in Ontario, and to identify other opportunities for a co-ordinated response with other stakeholders. Some of the ideas that may be considered by LAO or have recently been adopted by LAO to improve bail include the following 1. Improve Efficiency of LAO Services Continue to explore ways in which information can be shared between the Brydges telephone duty counsel who assist a client upon arrest and detention, and between different duty counsel who may represent the client on the same or different matters. Developing better systems for âservice integrationâ and sharing of information between different duty counsel who may represent the client on the same or different matters. Continue to collaborate with other stakeholders to develop policies and local best practices to ensure that matters are dealt with in an appropriate order, allowing time for discussions between Crown and defence counsel to occur, sureties to arrive, and sureties to be prepared for a hearing. 2. Support Duty Counsel Services Continue LAOâs commitment to staffing bail courts with duty counsel whenever the courts are open and are conducting bail hearings, including a renewed commitment to staffing weekend and statutory holiday WASH court. Target particular jurisdictions for enhanced support to introduce âbest practicesâ to challenge and litigate improper practices by both Crown and judicial decision-makers. Included in these best practices would be access to immediate and effective bail reviews for clients âBail Court Blitzâ. Continue to provide and upgrade LAOâs âhands-onâ training for duty counsel on representing clients at a bail hearing. 3. Support Private Bar Services LAO has identified bail as a key area for its first wave of expanded legal eligibility. Expanded legal eligibility to allow more clients to have unreasonable bail conditions varied. Expanded legal eligibility to allow more clients to have certificate representation on a second bail hearing after they have been arrested while out on bail. Expanded legal eligibility coverage to allow more clients to challenge illegal detentions and unreasonable bail conditions. Expanded use of test case funding. 4. Support Particularly Vulnerable Clients The Mentally Ill Provide resources and supports to both private lawyers and duty counsel to ensure that restrictive conditions, including requirements for treatment, that relate to the mental health of the accused, are not as a matter of course required by the Crown, or imposed by a court, as a condition of judicial interim release. All counsel should be in a position to challenge these kinds of conditions unless the client, with full knowledge of his or her rights, has instructed counsel to agree to the conditions as a term of release. Both private lawyers and duty counsel should be supported to ensure that any conditions that are imposed on a client with mental health issues recognize the rights of the client. Connect an accused with mental health services, to stabilize accused and make him or her a better candidate for diversion.â57 Develop âpeer support systemsâ to assist an accused with mental health58 or substance abuse issues to meet the conditions of his or her bail, by assisting with travel, keeping appointments and court appearances, managing paperwork and living with supervision. Develop with other stakeholders a âspecialty bail systemâ for accused with mental health disabilities and addictions. This âmental health bail courtâ could facilitate and coordinate specialized services and procedures while removing the more complex and time-intensive cases from the general bail system stream. Aboriginal Expand use of Gladue submissions at bail stage to provide better information on the background, personal history, circumstances and available Aboriginal resources or services upon release. Provide co-ordinated training to both duty counsel and private bar on making Gladue submissions at a bail hearing. Ongoing and updated training on how to properly interview Aboriginal clients, on the traditional and cultural background of Aboriginal people and on available services. Support use of video appearance for potential sureties from remote locations, to lessen travel and delay for court appearances. Racialized Communities Provide co-ordinated training to both duty counsel and the private bar on representation of persons from racialized communities. Ongoing and updated training for both duty counsel and the private bar on effective cross-cultural communication techniques. Expanded translation services Identifying culturally appropriate and targeted support services for persons seeking bail. Youth Develop a strategy to promote the values of the Youth Criminal Justice Act YCJA at the bail stage, including addressing the over-reliance on custody as a social measure to detain young persons, contrary to YCJA. Provide coordinated training to both duty counsel and private bar on making submissions at a bail hearing for young persons charged with criminal offences. 5. Expand âRapid and Targetedâ Bail Reviews As part of expanded legal eligibility, LAO has increased the scope of LAO-funded bail reviews to include review of conditions and to authorize âpublic interestâ bail reviews. LAO has also increased the number of hours that private counsel may bill on a bail review. Authorize duty counsel to bring immediate bail reviews, in appropriate circumstances, on behalf of clients for whom LAO has provided representation at the bail hearing. Authorize LAO staff lawyers to bring targeted bail reviews, in appropriate circumstances, to challenge commonly attached but illegal bail conditions. Pre-authorize high quality criminal defence lawyers, such as members of LAOâs Complex Case Rate Panel, to bring bail reviews without requiring merit assessment and approval by LAO. Develop similar initiatives for youth bail matters by way of a bail de novo â of the YCJA. 6. Joint initiatives with Other Stakeholders Develop with both Crown and Judiciary âModel Bail Rulesâ that will set out the law and governing principles of bail, as well as documenting best practices. These Model Bail Rules would be relied on by all parties and decision-makers in the bail process. For example, the rules would inform Crowns, in exercising their discretion to request sureties and bail conditions; duty counsel and defence lawyers, in advising clients and advocating for less restrictive forms of release; and the judiciary, in making the final decision of granting bail, imposing bail conditions and requiring sureties. Work with other branches of government and community service providers to arrange for greater access for accused persons to transitional residences, and additional and more flexible community options for the release of accused persons prior to trial. 7. Improve LAO Data about Bail Bail hearings Certificate vs duty counsel representation Trends over the last one to five years by region, type of charge and vulnerable client group. Bail reviews Trends over past one to five years in number of bail review authorizations by region, type of charge and vulnerable client group. Success rates for certificate applications for bail review authorizations. Time required to obtain bail review authorization. What do counsel ask for on discretion, and what does LAO pay? Questions and comments can be addressed directly to Marcus Pratt, Director, Policy and Strategic Research by email at prattm Footnotes for 1. Introduction Ontario, âSeptember 2016 Mandate letter Attorney General, Premierâs instructions to the Minister on prioritiesâ 23 September 2016 online Back to report Ontario, âSeptember 2016 Mandate letter Community Safety and Correctional Services Premierâs instructions to the Minister on priorities â 23 September 2016 online Back to report Footnotes for 2. The problems with the bail system in Ontario R v. Hall 2002 SCC 64 at para 118, [2002] 3 SCR 309, Iacobucci J dissenting in the result [Hall]. Back to report See statements by the Minister of Community Safety and Correctional Services in 2016 describing the âappallingâ and âunacceptableâ conditions for inmates held in the Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre, many of whom are on remand, cited in Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre Task Force Action Plan at Introduction, online Back to report Ibid at para 59. Iacobucci J dissenting, quoting with approval from Herbert. L. Packer, The Limits of the Criminal Sanction California Stanford University Press 1968 at 215. Back to report âCommission on the Reform of Ontarioâs Public Servicesâ, Public Services for Ontarians A Path to Sustainability and Excellence, 2012 at 354, online Back to report âReasonable Bail?â, John Howard Society of Ontario, September 2013 at 3, online [âReasonable Bailâ]. Back to report âThe Hidden Epidemic A Report on Child and Family Poverty in Torontoâ, Childrenâs Aid Society of Toronto,November 2014, online âFalling Behind Ontarioâs Backslide into Widening Inequality, Growing Poverty and Cuts to Social Programsâ, A Report of the Ontario Common Front, 2012 online âPoverty Profile A Snapshot of Racialized Poverty in Canadaâ National Council of Welfare, 2012, online ; Sheila Block, âOntarioâs Growing Gap The Role of Race and Genderâ, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, June 2010,online âColour of Poverty Understanding the Racialization of Poverty in Ontarioâ, series of factsheets, 2007. Back to report âColour of Poverty Understanding the Racialization of Poverty in Ontario, An Introduction in 2007, Fact Sheet 1âł2007 at 1, online Back to report âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at 1. Back to report âReasonable Bail?â, supra note 5 at 12 Back to report Samuel Perrault, âAdmissions to adult correctional services in Canada, 2011/2012â, Ottawa StatCan, 20 March 2014, online Back to report âReport of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice Systemâ, Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System, Toronto Queenâs Printer for Ontario, at v, online Back to report Gail Kellough & Scot Wortley, âRemand for Bail Bail Decisions and Plea Bargaining as Commensurate Decisionsâ 2002 42 Brit J Crim, as explained in Akawsi Owusu-Bempa & Scot Wortley, âRace, Crime and Criminal Justice in Canadaâ in Sandra M. Bucerius & Michael H. Tonry eds The Oxford Handbook of Ethnicity, Crime and Immigration, Oxford, UK Oxford University Press, 2013 at 292. Back to report Footnotes for 3. Reasons for a filing bail system See âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 3; âReasonable Bailâ, supra note 8; Professor Cherly Webster, âBroken Bail in Canada How We Might Go About Fixing Itâ. Report prepared for Justice Canada, 2015. Released in February 2016 and âReport of the 5th Annual Criminal Justice Symposiumâ, Montreal January 18-19, 2013. Back to report See CM Webster, AN Doob & NM Myers, âThe Parable of Ms. Baker Understanding Pre-Trial Detention in Canadaâ 2009 211 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 79 [Webster, Doob & Myers, âPre-Trialâ] in âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at footnote 19. Back to report See for example, âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 3; âReasonable Bailâ, supra note 8; âBail Experts Table Recommendationsâ, Justice on Target, Ministry of the Attorney General, Province of Ontario, online and âRe-inventing Criminal Justice The Fourth National Symposium Final Reportâ, The Fourth National Criminal Justice Symposium, British Columbia, 13/14, January 2012; Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre Task Force, 2016 at recommendations 13 and 14, online Back to report In May 2016 the Ministry of the Attorney General launched a six month pre-trial custody project in Ottawa to provide prosecutorial advice to the police on release and bail decisions. The project will assess whether the use of Crowns early in the bail process can result in a reduction in the use of police remands into custody. Online Back to report âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at 2. Back to report Ibid. Back to report Webster, Doob & Myers, âPre-Trialâ, supra note 14. Back to report For example, in R v. Daibes, 2015 ONSC, the court found a miscarriage of justice to have occurred, and set aside the accusedâs guilty plea. The court found that the accused entered the plea in order to secure his release from custody, and after being improperly being denied the opportunity to enter into a residential surety recognizance, and after he was not made aware of the availability of a potential surety. Back to report Gary Trotter, The Law of Bail in Canada, 3d ed Toronto Thomson Reuters at 7-18. [Trotter, âBailâ]. Back to report Ibid Back to report R v. Pearson, [1992] 3 SCR 665 at page 689, Lamer CJ. Back to report Trotter, âBailâ, supra note 20 at Back to report R v. Cole, 2002 SCC 53, [2012] 3 SCR 34. Back to report That is a common practice and the conclusion reached by Nicole M. Myers, âShifting Risk Bail and the Use of Suretiesâ 2009, 21 Current Issues in Criminal Justice 127 at 21. Back to report âReasonable Bailâ, supra note 5 at 7. Back to report âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at 36.. Back to report Ibid at 37. Back to report âBail Experts Table Recommendationsâ, Justice on Target. Ministry of the Attorney General., Province of Ontario, at 22, online Back to report âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at 40. Back to report Available in 17 Ontario communities as of early 2014 âSuccessful Bail Program Expanding to Kingstonâ, Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General press release December 29, 2013, online Back to report Chiefly the John Howard Society of Ontario, although the Elizabeth Fry Society offers a program in the Sudbury area. Back to report âBail Experts Table Recommendationsâ, supra, at 15. Back to report âA Profile of Corrections October 2013, online at 18. Back to report Ibid at 2. Back to report âThe Final Report on Early Case Considerations of the Steering Committee on Justice Efficiencies and Access to the Justice System.â, Department of Justice, 2006, online Back to report See âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at Back to report See âReport on Fly-in Court Operations, Toronto 2013, in âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at 110. Back to report Jonathan Rudin, âAboriginal Peoples and the Criminal Justice Systemâ. Paper prepared for the Ipperwash Inquiry, 2006, at 53, online Back to report See Trotter, âBailâ, supra note 20 at 6-22, with reference to, R v. Sexton 1976, 33 CRNS 307 Nfld Dist Ct; R v. Cichanski 1976, 25 CCC 2d 84 Ont HC; and R v. Cooke 1973, 10 CCC 2d 111 NB QB. Back to report Martin L. Friedland,âThe Bail Reform Act Revisitedâ 2012, 16 Canadian Criminal Law Review 315 at. Back to report âReasonable Bailâ, supra at 7. Back to report Pursuant to s. 15 of the Justices of the Peace Act, 1990, a candidate must possess a university degree or diploma in order to be qualified as a justice of the peace; a law degree is not a requirement. Back to report As recently noted by a sitting Justice of the Peace, too often in bail court the âlaw goes out the window, and cynicism and bullying kick inâ to take advantage of ââŠthe fact that people will agree to just about anything to regain their freedom and go back to their families and daily routinesâ Julie Lauzon J, âOur bail system is broken Ottawa justice of the peaceâ, Ottawa Sun 15 March 2016 online Back to report Jane B. Sprout & Nicole M. Myers, âSet Up to Fail The Unintended Consequences of Multiple Bail Conditionsâ 2011 534 Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 404. [Sprout & Myers, âUnintended Consequencesâ]. Back to report âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1, citing recent case law. Back to report Sprout & Myers, âUnintended Consequencesâ, supra note 38, in âReasonable Bailâ, supra note 5 at 10. Back to report Lindsay Porter and Donna Calverly, âTrends in the Use of Remand in Canadaâ Trends in the Use of Remands in Canadaâ, Ottawa Juristat, 2011., in âSet Up To Failâ, supra note 1 at 8, Back to report The recommendations of both the Canadian 2012 and 2013 Annual Criminal Justice Symposiums, dealing with the topics of bail and mental health and the criminal justice system respectively, both cautioned against the imposition of bail conditions in order to avoid setting up the ââŠsetting up the individual for failure.â âReport of the 5th Annual Criminal Justice Symposiumâ, Montreal January 18-19, 2013. See also âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 1 at 63. Back to report Porter and Calverly, âTrends in the Use of Remand in Canadaâ, supra note 52; in âSet Up to Failâ, supra note 32 at 8 Back to report See, âBroken Bail in Canada How We Might Go About Fixing Itâ. Report prepared for Justice Canada, 2015. Released in February 2016. Back to report âReport of the 5th Annual Criminal Justice Symposiumâ, Montreal January 18-19, 2013 at recommendation 24. See also Ottawa-Carleton Detention Centre Task Force, supra note 18 at recommendation 19. Back to report Footnotes for 4. LAO and bail This year is likely under-reported as some of the certificates have yet to be billed. Back to report Footnotes for 5. LAOâs initiatives to improve bail âReport of the 5th Annual Criminal Justice Symposiumâ, Montreal January 18-19, 2013 at recommendation 22. Back to report âReport of the 5th Annual Criminal Justice Symposiumâ, Montreal January 18-19, 2013 at recommendation 24. Back to report
Intoductionto Undang Undang Nomor - 12 Tahun 1995
ï»żKompasiana adalah platform blog. Konten ini menjadi tanggung jawab bloger dan tidak mewakili pandangan redaksi Kompas. [caption caption=" kewajiban asasi memang tidak sepopuler dengan istilah hak asasi. Ya, karena kewajiban asasi memang sering dilupakan, bahkan bisa jadi diabaikan oleh setiap orang. Akhirnya yang terjadi adalah, menuntut upaya pemenuhan hak asasi, tapi lupa melakukan kewajiban asasinya. Kewajiban ini merupakan penyeimbang. Kewajiban asasi ini juga memberikan batasan, agar kebebasan atas nama hak asasi tidak kebablasan. Lho, bukankah hak asasi itu melekat sejak kita lahir? Kok bisa dibilang kebablasan?Menyatakan pendapat adalah hak asasi manusia. Paskan era reformasi, hak menyatakan pendapat ini diprotes karena seringkali berlebihan. Beberapa tahun belakang, atas nama agama seseorang juga bisa melanggar hak asasi, karena mengedepankan kekerasan dan meninggalkan cara-cara persuasive. Jika kelompok minoritas agama menyatakan pendapat di publik, langsung disikapi dengan kekerasan. Alasannya, kelompok minoritas tidak sesuai dengan ajaran agama. Bukankah Nabi mengajarkan cara-cara yang santun untuk menyebarluaskan Islam? Kenapa hal itu tidak dilakukan? Karena mereka tidak melakukan kewajiban itu kewajiban asasi seorang muslim atau warga negara? Menghormati antar umat beragama, mengharga antar sesama manusia, saling tolong menolong tanpa melihat perbedaan, itu adalah salah satu contoh dari kewajiban asasi. Kewajiban asasi itu sendiri sebenarnya juga dianjurkan oleh agama dan Pancasila. Bahkan, wejangan para orang tua dari kecil, agar kita berbuat baik selalu dilakukan. Masih ingat istilah, âjangan nakal ya nak..â himbauan jangan nakal ini, sebenarnya mengajarkan kita agar melakukan kewajiban asasi. Mari kita lihat perkembangan saat ini. kelompok gafatar, mungkin memang salah dalam menjalankan keyakinannya. Namun, bukan berarti mereka legal hukumnya untuk disakiti. Bayangkan, jika kita berada di posisi mereka. Rumah yang kita bangun dengan keringat dan jerih payah, dibakar oleh massa hanya karena berbeda. Pekan kemarin, publik juga mempermasalahkan penangkapan terduga teroris Siyono, yang berujung pada kematian. Petugas dinilai berlebihan dalam pemberantasan terorisme. Negara pun akhirnya disalahkan, atas meninggalnya terduga teroris tersebut. Mari kita saling introspeksi. Sudahkah kita, baik sebagai individu, lembaga, masyarakat, bahkan negara sudah melakukan kewajiban asasinya? Ingat, pemenuhan hak asasi tidak bisa maksimal, jika kewajiban asasi itu ditinggalkan. Contoh sederhana, semua orang mencoba memahami ketika ormas keagamaan menggelar pengajian di jalanan, bahkan menutup jalanan tersebut yang berdampak pada kemacetan, atau sulit mengakses jalan tersebut. Publik juga tidak pernah protes secara massif. Karena mereka tahu bahwa, kebebasan menjalankan ibadah itu dijamin oleh konstitusi. Lalu, kenapa masih ada kelompok yang melakukan kekerasan atas nama agama?Jika hak asasi wajib dipenuhi, makan kewajiban asasi wajib untuk dilaksanakan. Tanpa kewajiban asasi, toleransi antar umat beragama rasanya mustahil terwujud. Tanpa kewajiban asasi, keadilan dan kedamaian rasanya juga sulit terwujud. Semua orang merasa benar sendiri. Kekerasan atas nama kebenaran makin marak terjadi. Bahkan, aksi terorisme yang mengatasnamakan jihad pun juga masih terus terjadi. Karena itulah, mari kita saling mengingatkan dan introspeksi, agar kewajiban asasi tidak diabaikan. Lihat Lyfe Selengkapnya
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pengabaian terhadap kewajiban asasi maka akan berdampak